<< Вернуться к списку статей журнала

Том 10 №2 2008 год - Нефрология и диализ

Факторы риска гипертрофии миокарда при хронической болезни почек (Обзор литературы)

Бадаева С.В.

Аннотация: Как и сердечно-сосудистая патология в целом, распространенность гипертрофии левого желудочка (ГЛЖ) при хронической болезни почек (ХБП) намного превышает таковую в общей популяции. Если в общей популяции ее частота составляет 20% [83], то при ХБП она возрастает до 25-50% [77]. Более подробный анализ имеющихся на сегодняшний день исследований показывает, что частота ГЛЖ зависит от стадии ХБП. По данным ряда авторов она выявляется у 20% больных при снижении СКФ до 60-50 мл/мин, несколько чаще (31-35%) - при снижении СКФ до 49-25 мл/мин, и значительно чаще (42-45%) при дальнейшем ухудшении функции почек, снижении СКФ до 25-16 мл/мин [77, 102]. К началу диализа ГЛЖ выявляется у 75-85% больных, что соответствует распространенности этой патологии в популяции больных, получающих лечение ПГД и ПАПД [7, 49]. У реципиентов почечного трансплантата ГЛЖ выявляется в 50-70% случаев [61, 65].

Для цитирования: Бадаева С.В. Факторы риска гипертрофии миокарда при хронической болезни почек (Обзор литературы). Нефрология и диализ. 2008. 10(2):94-104. doi:

Весь текст

Ключевые слова: гипертрофия миокарда, хроническая болезнь почек, факторы риска

Список литературы:

1. Барабанова Т.А., Пенчук Н.А. Миокард, паратиреоидный гормон и хроническая почечная недостаточность. Нефрология 1998; 2: 88-94.
2. Беленков Ю.Н., Агеев Ф.Т., Мареев В.Ю. Знакомьтесь: диастолическая сердечная недостаточность. Сердечная недостаточность 2000; 1: 40-44.
3. Волгина Г.В. Механизмы формирования структурно-функциональных нарушений миокарда у больных с конечной стадией заболеваний почек. Дисс. д.м.н., М.: 2003.
4. Жаринов О.И., Антоненко Л.Н. Нарушения расслабления миокарда: патогенез и клиническое значение. Кардиология 1995; 8: 57-60.
5. Карпов Р.С., Пузырев К.В., Павлюкова Е.Н., Степанов В.А. Молекулярно-генетический анализ гипертрофии миокарда левого желудочка. Кардиология 2001; 6: 25-30.
6. Кобалава Ж.Д., Терещенко С.Н., Калинкин А.Л. Суточное мониторирование артериального давления: методические аспекты и клиническое значение. М.: 1997; 32.
7. Милованова Л.Ю., Николаев А.Ю., Козлова Т.А., Сафонов В.В., Милованов Ю.С. Нефрология и диализ 2004; 6; 1: 54-58.
8. Нефрология: руководство для врачей. Под ред. И.Е. Тареевой. М.: Медицина 2000; 688.
9. Николаев А.Ю., Козловская Л.В. Эритропоэтин: применение на ранней и диализной стадиях хронической почечной недостаточности. Consilium Medicum 2001; 3: 7.
10. Овчинников А.Г., Агеев Ф.Т., Мареев В.Ю. Методические аспекты применения доплер-эхокардиографии в диагностике диастолической дисфункции левого желудочка. Сердечная недостаточность 2000; 2: 66-70.
11. Рязанов А.С., Смирнова М.Д. Юренев А.П. Гипертрофия миокарда левого желудочка. Вопросы патогенеза. Тер. арх. 2000; 2: 672-677.
12. Сторожаков Г.И., Томилина Н.А., Шило В.Ю., Гендлин Г.Е. Сердечная недостаточность у больных с хронической почечной недостаточностью. Сердечная недостаточность 2005; 6;3: 4-8.
13. Томилина Н.А., Волгина Г.В., Бикбов Б.Т., Ким И.Г. Проблема сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний при хронической почечной недостаточности. Нефрология и диализ 2003; 5 (1): 15-24.
14. Шварц Г.Я. Фармакотерапия остеопороза. М.: МИА 2002; 251-252.
15. Шмидт Р. Физиология человека. М.: Мир 1996.
16. Шутов А.М., Кондратьева Е.С., Ивашкина Т.Н., Кондратьева Н.И. Анемия и диастолическая дисфункция левого желудочка у больных с диализной хронической почечной недостаточностью. Нефрология и диализ 2001; 3 (4): 422-426.
17. Abe S. Yoshizawa M., Yamamoto Y. Arrhythmia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9; 7: 973.
18. Agoda L.Y., Eggers P.W. Renal replacement therapy in the United States: data from the United States Renal Data System. Amer J Kidney Dis 1995; 25; 1: 119-133.
19. Amann K., Breitbach M., Ritz E., Mall G. Miocyte capillary mismatch in the heart of uremic patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 1018-1022.
20. Amann K., Gross M.L., London G.M. et al. Hyperphosphataemia - a silent killer of patient with renal failure? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 2085-2087.
21. Amann K., Neususs R., Ritz E. et al. Changes of vascular architecture independent of blood pressure in experimental uremia. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 409-417.
22. Amann K., Ritz E. Cardiac structure and function in renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1996; 5: 102-106.
23. Amann K., Schwartz U., Torning J., Stein G., Ritz E. Some cardiac abnormalities in renal failure. Eds. Grunfeld J.P., Bach J.F., Kreis H. Medecine-Sciences Flammarion Paris: 1997: 1-15.
24. Amann K., Torning J., Flechtenmacher C., Nabokov A., Mall G., Ritz E. Blood pressure independent wall thickening of intramyocardial arterioles in experimental uremia - evidence for a permissive action of PTH. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10: 2043-2048.
25. Amann K., Torning J., Nichols C., Ronenberg G., Zeier M., Mall G., Ritz E. Hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Wall thickening of intramyocardial arteries in experimental renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transpant 1996; 11: 128.
26. Amann K., Wiest G., Zimmer G., Gretz N., Ritz E., Mall G. Reduced capillary density in the myocardium of uremic rats - a stereological study. Kidney Int 1992: 426: 1079-1085.
27. Amann K., Wolf F., Nicholas C. et al. Aortic changes in experimental renal failure: Hyperplasia or hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells? Hypertension 1997.
28. Amann K., Kronenberg G., Gehlen F., Wessels S., Orth S.R. Cardiac remodeling in experimental renal failure - an immunochemical study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998, 13: 1958-1966.
29. Amann K., Ritz E., Wiest G., Mall G. The role of parathyroid hormone in the genesis of interstitial cell activation of cardiac fibroblasts in uremia. Journal of the ASN 1994; 4: 1814-1819.
30. Brown J.H. Pretransplant management: cardiovascular disease and bone disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10: 14-19.
31. Buckalew V.M., Berg R.L., Wang S.R., Porush J.G., Rauch S., Sulman G. Prevalence of hypertension in 1795 subjects with chronic renal disease: the Modification Diet in renal Disease Study baseline cohort. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 811-821.
32. Cannella G., Paoletti E., Delfino R. et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive dialysed uremic patients on long-term antihypertensive therapy. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 881-886.
33. Canella G., Paoletti E, Delfino R. et al. Prolonged therapy with ACE-inhibitors induces a regression of left ventricular hypertrophy of dialysed uremic patients independently from hypotensive effects. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30: 659-664.
34. Cannella G., Paoletti E., Ravera G. et al. Inadequate diagnosis and therapy of arterial hypertension as causes of left ventricular hypertrophy in uremic dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 260.
35. Cannella G. Clues for understanding the pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic uremia. Int J Artific Organs 1998; 21: 378-383.
36. Cardio Renal Anemia Syndrome. Edit by H. Hampl. 2000: 138.
37. Cohn J.N. Structural basis for heart failure: ventricular remodeling and its pharmacological inhibition. Circulation 1995; 91: 2504-2507.
38. Collucci W.S. Miocardial endothelin. Does it play a role in myocardial failure? Circulation 1996; 93: 1069-1072.
39. Demuth K., Blacer J., Guerin A., Benoit M.O. et al. Endothelin and cardiovascular remodeling in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 375-383.
40. Dollery C.M., McEwan J.D., Henney A.M. Matrix metalloproteinase and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 1995; 77: 863-868.
41. Drau V.J. The role of mechanical and humoral factors in growth regulation of vascular smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993; 2: 27-32.
42. Drueke T., Fleure J.Y. et al. Effect of parathyroidectomy on left ventricular function in hemodialysis patients. Lancet 1980; 1: 112-114.
43. Ertuck S., Ertug A.E., Ates K. et al. Relationship of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data to echo-cardiographic findings in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 2050-2054.
44. Ferdinandy P., Schultz R. Nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxinitrite in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injure and preconditioning. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138: 532-542.
45. Fernandez-Reyes M.J., Auxiladora Bajo M., Robles P. et al. Mitral annular calcification in CAPD patients with a low degree of HPT. An analysis of other possible risk factors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10: 2090-2095.
46. Fliser D., Franek E., Fode P. et al. Subacute infusion of physiologic doses of parathyroid hormone raises blood pressure in humans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: 933-938.
47. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D., Kent G.M., Murray D.C. The impact of anemia on cardiomiopathy, morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 53-61.
48. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D., Kent G.M., Murray D.C. The prognostic importance of left ventricular geometry in uremic cardiomiopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5: 2024-2031.
49. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D. et al. Clinical and echo-cardiographic disease in patients starting end-stage renal disease therapy. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 186-192.
50. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Hurnett J.D. et al. Impact of hypertension on on cardiomiopathy, morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1379-1385.
51. Ganguly P.K. Catecholamines and cardiovascular disorders: pathophysiologic considerations. Am Heart J 1989; 118: 868-872.
52. Ganten D., Luft F.C., Kwokawa K.K. Hormones, autocoids, neurotransmitters and growth factors. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993; 2: 1-4.
53. Gerdes A.M, Capasso J.M. Structural remodeling and mechanical dysfunction of cardiac myocytes in heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995; 27: 849-856.
54. Gibbons G.H., Dzau V.J., Owens G.K. The emerging concept of vascular remodeling. N Engl Med 1998; 33: 1431-1438.
55. Gibbons G.H. Endotelial function as a determination of vascular function and structure: a new therapeutic target. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 3-8.
56. Greaves S.C., Gamble G.D., Collins J.E. et al. Determination of left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 25; 5: 768-776.
57. Guerin A.P., Pannier B., Marchais S.J. et al. Arterial remodeling and cardiovascular function in end-stage renal failure. In Advances in nephrology 1998; 27: 105-109.
58. Habib F.M., Springall D.R., Davies G.J. Tumor necrosis factor and inducible nitric oxide sinthase indilated cardiomiopathy. Lancet 1996; 347: 1151-1155.
59. Harnett J.D., Foley R.N., Kent G.M. Congestive heart failure in dialysis patients: Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and risk factors. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 884-890.
60. Harnett J.D., Parfrey P.S., Griffirs S.N. et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy in end-stage renal disease. Nephron 1994; 48: 105-115.
61. Hernandez D., Lacalzada J., Ruffino M. et al. Prediction of left ventricular mass changes after renal transplantation by polymorhism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1205-1211.
62. Herzog C.A. Acute myocardial infarction in patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1999; Suppl. 71: 130-133.
63. Hirota H., Yoshida K., Kishimoto. Taga T. Continuous activation of gp130 a signal-transduction receptor component for interleukin 6-related cytokines, causes myocardial hypertrophy in mice. Proc Natl Acad USA 1995; 92: 4862-4866.
64. Horl W.H., Riegel W. Cardiac depressant in renal disease. Circulation 1993; 87; Suppl. IV: 77-82.
65. Huting J. Course of left ventricular hypertrophy and function in end-stage renal disease after renal transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 1481-1484.
66. Irani K. Oxidant signaling in vascular cell growth, death and survival. Circ Res 2000; 87: 179-190.
67. Jackson C.L., Schwartz S.M. Pharmacology of smooth muscle cell replication. Hypertens 1992; 20: 713-736.
68. Joannides R., Bakkali E.H., Le Roy F. et al. Altered flow-dependent vasodilatation of conduit arteries in maintenance hemodialysis. Nephrol dial Transplant 1997; 12: 2623-2628.
69. Kawagishi T., Nishizava Y., Konishi T. et al. High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography in evaluation of atherosclerosis in uremia. Kidney Int 1995; 48: 820-826.
70. Kerkela R., Force T. Recent insights into cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular remodeling. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2006; 3 (1): 14-18.
71. Kielstein J.T., Zoccali C. Assymetric dimethylarginine: a cardiovascular risk factor and a uremic toxin coming of age? Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46 (2): 186-202.
72. Kimmek P.L. Phillips T.M., Simmens S. et al. Immunologic function and survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 236-244.
73. Kojda T., Harrison D. Interaction between NO and reactive oxygen species: pathophisiological importance in atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 43: 562-571.
74. Konhilas J.P., Leinwand L.A. Partnering up for cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 2006; 98 (8): 985-987 and Comment Circ Res 2006; 98 (8): 1089-1097.
75. Krown K.A., Page M.T., Nguyen C. et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptos in cardiac myocytes: involvement of thensphingolipid signaling cascade in cardiac cell death. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2854-2865.
76. Kunz K., Dimitrov Y., Muller et al. Uraemic cardiomiopathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13; Suppl. 4: 39-43.
77. Levin A., Singer J., Thompson C.R. et al. Prevalent left ventricular hypertrophy in the predialysis population: identifying opportunities for intervention. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 27: 347-354.
78. Levin E.R., Gardner D.G., Sampson W.K. Natriuretic peptides. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 32-328.
79. Levin A., Thompson C.R., Either J. et al. Left ventricular mass increase in early renal disease: impact of decline in hemoglobin. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 34: 125-134.
80. Levine B., Kalman J., Mayer L., Fillit H.M., Packer M. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med 1990; 323: 236-241.
81. Levy B.I., El Fertak L., Pieddeloup C. et al. Role of the endothelium in the mechanical response of the carotid arterial wall to calcium blockade in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 57-63.
82. Levy B. I., Benessiano J, Poitevin P., Safar M.E. Endotelium-dependent mechanical properties of carotid artery in WKY and SHR: role of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Circ Res 1990; 66: 321-328.
83. Levy D., Garrison R.G., Savage D.D. et al. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass index in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990; 22: 1561-1566.
84. London G. Pathophysiology of cardiovascular damage in the early renal population// Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16; Suppl. 2: 3-6.
85. London G.M. Geerin A.P., Marchais S. et al. Cardiac and arterial interaction in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 600-608.
86. London G.M. Heterogeneity of left ventricular hypertrophy - does it have clinical implications? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 17-19.
87. London G.M., Fabiani F. Left ventriсular dysfunction in end-stage renal disease: echocardiographic insights. Cardiac dysfunction in chronic uremia Eds Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D., Basel; Kluwer Acad Publ 1992: 117-137.
88. London G.M., Pannier B., Guerin A.P. Cardiac hypertrophy, aortic compliance and wave reflection in end-stage renal disease: comparative effects of ACE inhibition and calcium channel blockade. Circulation 1994; 90: 2789-2796.
89. Lyall F., Morton J.J., Lever A.F., Cragoe E.J. Angiotensin II activates Na-H exchange and stimulates growth in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Hypertens 1988; 6; Suppl. 14: 438-441.
90. Malik F.S., Lavie C.J., Mehra M.R. Renin-angiotensin system: Geneses to bedside. Am Heart J 1997; 134: 514-526.
91. Mall G., Huther W., Schneider J., Lundin P., Ritz E. Diffuse intermyocardiocytic fibrosis in uremic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990; 5: 39-44.
92. Mall G., Rambausek M., Neumeister A., Kollmar S., Vetterlein F., Ritz E. Miocardial interstitial fibrosis in experimental uremia - implication for cardiac compliance. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 804-811.
93. Marabotti C., Ebert A.G., Palombo C. et al. Causal, ambulatory and stress blood pressure: relationship with left ventricular mass and filling. Int J Cardiol 1991; 31: 89-96.
94. McKnight S.L. Molecular zippers in gene regulation. Sci Am 1991; 267: 54-64.
95. Mizzani M., Ayus J.C. Control of hyperparathyroidism by short daily dialysis with concomitant use of high dose vitamin D analogue (paricalcitol). J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 73.
96. Molkentin J.D., Dorn G.W. Cytoplasmic signaling pathways that regulate cardiac hypertrophy. Anna Rev Physiol 2001; 63: 391-426.
97. Murphy S.W., Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S. Screening and treatment for cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32:184-199.
98. Opie L.H. Mechanisms of cardiac contraction and relaxation. Braunwald’s heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Ed. Zipes D., Libby P., Bonow R.O., Braunwald E. 7th ed. Pensylvania: Elsevier Saunders 2005: 457-490.
99. Otning J., Amann K, Ritz E., Nichols C., Mall G. Arteriolar wall thickening, capillary rarefaction and interstitial fibrosis in the heart of rats with renal failure: the effect of ramipril, nifedepine and monoxinidine. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 665-675.
100. Pagani F.D., Baker L.S., His C. et al. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction after infusion of tumor necrosis factor-alfa in conscious dogs J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 388-398.
101. Paoletti E., Bellino D., Cassottana P. et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy in non-diabetic predialysis CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46 (2): 320-327.
102. Parfrey P.S., Foley R.N., Harnett J.T., Kent G.M., Murray D., Barre P.E. Outcome and risk factors for left ventricular disorders in chronic uremia. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1996; 11: 1277-1285.
103. Park C.W., Ob Y.S., Shin Y.S. et al. Intravenous calcitriol regress myocardial hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33 (1): 73-81.
104. Pitt B., Poole-Wilson P.A., Segal R. et al. Effect of Losartan compared with Captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomized trial the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Srudy ELITE II. Lancet 2000; 355: 1582-1587.
105. Pitt B., Segal R., Martinez F.A. et al. Randomised trial of Losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure. Lancet 1997; 349: 747-752.
106. Raine A.E. Hypertension and ishaemic heart disease in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10; Suppl. 1: 95-100.
107. Rambausek M., Ritz E., Mall G. et al. Myocardial hypertrophy in rats with renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 1985; 28: 775-782.
108. Ritz E., Lippert J, Keller C. Hypertension, cardiovascular complications and survival in diabetic patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial transpl 1995; 10; Suppl. 7: 43-46.
109. Rostand S.G., Rirk K.A., Rutsky E.A. Dialysis-associated ischemic heart disease: insights from coronary angiography. Kidney int 1984; 25: 653-659.
110. Rostand S.G., Sanders P.S., Rutsky E.A. Cardiac calcification in uremia. Contrib Nephrol 1993; 106: 26-29.
111. Saito Y., Shirai K., Uscino J. et al. Effect of nifedepine administration on pulse wave velocity of chronic hemodialysis patients 2-year trial. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 1990; 4: 987-990.
112. Saleh F.N. et al. Tromso IV. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 2054-2060.
113. Sarnak M.J., Levey A.S., Schoolwerth A.C., Coresh J., Culleton B., Lee Hamm L., McCullough P.A. Kidney Disease as risk Factor for Development of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2003; 108: 2154-2169.
114. Schanwell C., Ivens K., Leschke M. et al. Impact of ACE-genotype on LV hypertrophy and diastolic function in patients after kidney transplantation. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 179.
115. Shunkert H., Orzechowski H.D., Backer W. et al. The cardiac endotelin system in established pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy. J Mol Mad 1999; 77: 623-630.
116. Silberberg J.S., Rahal D.P. Patton R., Saniderman A.D. Role of anaemia in the pathogenesis of LVH in ESRD. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 222-224.
117. Simpson R.U. Evidence for a specific 1.25-dyhydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in rat heart. Circilation 1983; 68: 239.
118. Stefenelli T., Mayr H., Bergel-Klein J. et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: parathyroidectomy. Am J Med 1993; 95: 197-202.
119. Stephen G., Rostand S.G., Tilman B. Parathyroid homone, vitamin D and cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure. Kidn Op Int 1999; 56: 383-392.
120. Thaik C.M., Calderone A., Takaishi N., Gollucci W.S. Interleukin-1b modulates the grouth and neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 1093-1099.
121. Tonelli M., Bohm C., Pandeya S., Gill J., Levine A., Kiberd B. Cardiac Risk Factors and the of Cardioprotective Medications in Patients With Cronic Renal Insufficiency. Amer J Kidney Dis 2001; 37; 3: 484-489.
122. Torning J., Amann K., Ritz E. et al. Arteriolar wall thickening, capillary rarefaction and interstitial fibrosis in the heart of rats with renal failure: the effect of ramipril. Nifedepine and monoxinidine. Journal of the ASN 1996; 7: 667-675.
123. Tsukamoto Y. Pathophisiology and treatment if secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10: 22-24.
124. Unger T. The angiotensin type 2 receptor: variations on an anigmatic theme. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 1775-1786.
125. Vanhholder R., Argiles A., Baurmeister U. et al. Uremic toxicity: present state of the art. Int J Artif Organs 2001: 695-725.
126. Watanabe H., Obtuska S., Kakibana M., Ugisibita Y. Coronary circulation in dogs with an experimental decrease in aortic compliance. J Am Col Card 1993; 21: 1497-1506.
127. Weishaar R.E., Simpson R.U. Vitamin D3 and cardiovascular function in rats. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1706-1712.
128. Wu J., Garami M., Li Q., Gardner D.G. 1.25(OH)2D3 supress expression and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide from cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: E1108-1113.
129. Wu T.G., Ong J.J., Hwang C., Lee J.J. et al. Characteristics of wave fronts during ventricular fibrillation in human hearts with dilated cardiomiopathy: role of increased fibrosis in the feneration of reentry. J Am Card 1998; 32: 187-196.
130. Xiang W., Kong J., Chen S., Li Y.C. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the system and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005, 288: 125-132.
131. Yildis A., Akkaya V., Hatemy A.C. et al. No association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 2000; 84: 130-135.
132. Yosbizumi M., Kuribara H., Sugiyama T., Takaku F. et al. Hemodynamic shear stress stimulates endothelin production by cultured endotelialcells. Biochem Biophys Res Communications 1989; 161: 859-864.

Другие статьи по теме

• Артериальная гипертензия и гипертрофия миокарда на преддиализной стадии хронической болезни почек и при заместительной почечной терапии
• Проблема сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний при хронической почечной недостаточности
• Современная концепция хронической болезни почек при ВИЧ-инфекции
• Выявление факторов риска развития туберкулеза органов дыхания среди больных хронической болезнью почек в терминальной стадии