Регистрация
Расширенный поиск
RU EN
Главная
Последний номер
Архив номеров
Подписка
Контакты
Российское диализное общество

Просмотр статьи

<< Вернуться к списку статей журнала

Том 24 №2 2022 год - Нефрология и диализ

Клинические практические Рекомендации по питанию при ХБП KDOQI: в редакции 2020 г


Икизлер Т. Альп Берроуз Джеррилинн Д. Байхем-Грей Лаура Д. Кэмпбелл Катрина Л. Карреро Хуан-Хесус Чэн Винни Фук Денис Фридман Аллон Н. Гэддар Сана Голдштейн-Фукс Д. Джорди Кайзен Джордж А. Коппле Джоэл Д. Тэта Дэниэл Ванг Анджела Йи-Мун Куппари Лилиан

DOI: 10.28996/2618-9801-2022-2-143-278

Аннотация: Инициатива по улучшению качества исходов заболеваний почек (KDOQI) Национального почечного фонда (NKF) начиная с 1999 года предоставляет научно обоснованные рекомендации по питанию при заболеваниях почек. С момента публикации первых рекомендаций по питанию KDOQI накопилось большое количество новых доказательных данных, касающихся контроля питания при заболеваниях почек, а также усовершенствован процесс подготовки рекомендаций. Новая редакция Клинических практических Рекомендаций по питанию при ХБП от 2020 г., подготовленная KDOQI, была разработана совместными усилиями с Академией питания и диетологии (далее Академия). В них представлена исчерпывающая и актуальная информация, касающаяся понимания лечения пациентов с хронической болезнью почек (ХБП), особенно с точки зрения их метаболизма и пищевой среды, для практикующих врачей и смежных медицинских работников. Рекомендации были расширены и теперь включают рекомендации не только для пациентов с терминальной стадией болезни почек или прогрессирующей тяжелой ХБП, но и для пациентов с ХБП 1-5 стадий, не получающих диализ, а также для пациентов с функционирующим почечным трансплантатом. Положения новой редакции Рекомендаций сфокусированы на 6 основных областях: оценка нутритивного статуса, лечебная нутритивная терапия, потребление белка и энергии, нутритивная поддержка, микронутриенты и электролиты. Рекомендации преимущественно касаются управления питанием или контроля питания в целом, а не всех возможных видов нутритивной терапии. Доказательства и положения рекомендаций оценивались по критериям GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation - система оценки, разработки и изучения рекомендаций). Соответственно, каждое положение Рекомендаций сопровождается обоснованием/справочной информацией или пояснением, доказательной базой, рекомендациями по мониторингу и оценке, советами по внедрению в практику, обсуждением отдельных аспектов, а также рекомендациями по проведению дальнейших исследований.

Для цитирования: Икизлер Т. Альп, Берроуз Джеррилинн Д., Байхем-Грей Лаура Д., Кэмпбелл Катрина Л., Карреро Хуан-Хесус, Чэн Винни, Фук Денис, Фридман Аллон Н., Гэддар Сана, Голдштейн-Фукс Д. Джорди, Кайзен Джордж А., Коппле Джоэл Д., Тэта Дэниэл, Ванг Анджела Йи-Мун, Куппари Лилиан Клинические практические Рекомендации по питанию при ХБП KDOQI: в редакции 2020 г. Нефрология и диализ. 2022. 24(2):143-278. doi: 10.28996/2618-9801-2022-2-143-278

Весь текст



Список литературы:
  1. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines, Graham R, Mancher M, Miller Wolman D, et al, eds. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011:4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/N BK209546/. Accessed May 24, 2020.
  2. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Sultan S, et al. GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(2):151-157.
  3. GRADE Workgroup; Schunemann H, Brozek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, eds. GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations. 2013. https://gradepro.org/4 04.html. Accessed May 24, 2020.
  4. Carrero JJ, Avesani CM. Pros and cons of body mass index as a nutritional and risk assessment tool in dialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2015;28(1):48-58.
  5. Chumlea WC, Dwyer JT, Han H, Kelly MP. Nutritional assessment in chronic kidney disease. In: Byham-Gray LD, Chertow GM, Burrowes JD, eds. Nutrition in Kidney Disease. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2008:49-118.
  6. Donadio C, Halim AB, Caprio F, Grassi G, Khedr B, Mazzantini M. Single- and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyses to analyse body composition in maintenance haemodialysis patients: comparison with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Physiol Meas. 2008;29(6 suppl 43):S517-S524.
  7. Furstenberg A, Davenport A. Comparison of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessments in outpatient hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57(1):123-129.
  8. Konings CJ, Kooman JP, Schonck M, et al. Influence of fluid status on techniques used to assess body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 2003;23(2):184-190.
  9. Rigalleau V, Lasseur C, Chauveau P, et al. Body composition in diabetic subjects with chronic kidney disease: interest of bioimpedance analysis, and anthropometry. Ann Nutr Metab. 2004;48(6):409-413.
  10. Abad S, Sotomayor G, Vega A, et al. The phase angle of the electrical impedance is a predictor of long-term survival in dialysis patients. Nefrologia. 2011;31(6):670-676.
  11. Fiedler R, Jehle PM, Osten B, Dorligschaw O, Girndt M. Clin Nutr scores are superior for the prognosis of haemodialysis patients compared to lab markers and bioelectrical impedance. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(12):3812-3817.
  12. Rosenberger J, Kissova V, Majernikova M, Straussova Z, Boldizsar J. Body composition monitor assessing malnutrition in the hemodialysis population independently predicts mortality. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(3):172-176.
  13. Cheng CH, Chen MY, Lee YJ, et al. Assessment of nutritional status in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: a comparison of bioelectric impedance and conventional methods. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2000;63(10):758-764.
  14. Mancini A, Grandaliano G, Magarelli P, Allegretti A. Nutritional status in hemodialysis patients and bioimpedance vector analysis. J Ren Nutr. 2003;13(3):199-204.
  15. Ohashi Y, Otani T, Tai R, Tanaka Y, Sakai K, Aikawa A. Assessment of body composition using dry mass index and ratio of total body water to estimated volume based on bioelectrical impedance analysis in chronic kidney disease patients. J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(1):28-36.
  16. Rodrigues NC, Sala PC, Horie LM, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfold thickness sum in assessing body fat mass of renal dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(4):409-415.
  17. Nakao T, Kanazawa Y, Nagaoka Y, et al. Body protein index based on bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful new marker assessing nutritional status: applications to patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance dialysis. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;155: 18-28.
  18. Avesani CM, Draibe SA, Kamimura MA, et al. Assessment of body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, skinfold thickness and creatinine kinetics in chronic kidney disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(9):2289-2295.
  19. Bross R, Chandramohan G, Kovesdy CP, et al. Comparing body composition assessment tests in long-term hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55(5):885-896.
  20. Kamimura MA, Avesani CM, Cendoroglo M, Canziani ME, Draibe SA, Cuppari L. Comparison of skinfold thicknesses and bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body fat in patients on long-term haemodialysis therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(1):101-105.
  21. Woodrow G, Oldroyd B, Smith MA, Turney JH. Measurement of body composition in chronic renal failure: comparison of skinfold anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50(5):295-301.
  22. Araujo IC, Kamimura MA, Draibe SA, et al. Nutritional parameters and mortality in incident hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2006;16(1):27-35.
  23. Aatif T, Hassani K, Alayoud A, et al. Parameters to assess nutritional status in a Moroccan hemodialysis cohort. Arab J Nephrol Transplant. 2013;6(2):89-97.
  24. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kleiner M, Dunne E, Lee GH, Luft FC. A modified quantitative subjective global assessment of nutrition for dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(7):1732-1738.
  25. Kamimura MA, Jose Dos Santos NS, Avesani CM, Fernandes Canziani ME, Draibe SA, Cuppari L. Comparison of three methods for the determination of body fat in patients on long-term hemodialysis therapy. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103(2):195-199.
  26. Oe B, de Fijter CW, Oe PL, Stevens P, de Vries PM. Four-site skinfold anthropometry (FSA) versus body impedance analysis (BIA) in assessing nutritional status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis: which method is to be preferred in routine patient care? Clin Nephrol. 1998;49(3):180-185.
  27. Stall SH, Ginsberg NS, DeVita MV, et al. Comparison of five body-composition methods in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(2):125-130.
  28. Kushner RF, Schoeller DA, Fjeld CR, Danford L. Is the impedance index (ht2/R) significant in predicting total body water? Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56(5):835-838.
  29. Segal KR, Van Loan M, Fitzgerald PI, Hodgdon JA, Van Itallie TB. Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: a four-site cross-validation study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988; 47(1):7-14.
  30. Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Hall CB, Siders WA. Validation of tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method to assess human body composition. J Appl Physiol. 1986;60(4):1327-1332.
  31. Steinkamp RC, Cohen NL, Siri WE, Sargent TW, Walsh HE. Measures of body fat and related factors in normal adults. I. Intro-duction and methodology. J Chronic Dis. 1965;18:1279-1291.
  32. Durnin JV, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr. 1974;32: 77-97.
  33. Kaizu Y, Ohkawa S, Kumagai H. Muscle mass index in haemodialysis patients: a comparison of indices obtained by routine clinical examinations. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(3):442-448.
  34. de Roij van Zuijdewijn CL, ter Wee PM, Chapdelaine I, et al. A comparison of 8 nutrition-related tests to predict mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2015;25(5):412-419.
  35. Walther CP, Carter CW, Low CL, et al. Interdialytic creatinine change versus predialysis creatinine as indicators of nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(2):771-776.
  36. Borovnicar DJ, Wong KC, Kerr PG, et al. Total body protein status assessed by different estimates of fat-free mass in adult peritoneal dialysis patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50(9):607-616.
  37. Szeto CC, Kong J, Wu AK, Wong TY, Wang AY, Li PK. The role of lean body mass as a nutritional index in Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients-comparison of creatinine kinetics method and anthropometric method. Perit Dial Int. 2000;20(6):708-714.
  38. Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: association with clinical outcomes. Canada-USA (CAN-USA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7(2):198-207.
  39. Bazanelli AP, Kamimura MA, Manfredi SR, Draibe SA, Cuppari L. Usefulness of waist circumference as a marker of abdominal adiposity in peritoneal dialysis: a cross-sectional and prospective analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(2):790-795.
  40. Cordeiro AC, Qureshi AR, Stenvinkel P, et al. Abdominal fat deposition is associated with increased inflammation, protein-energy wasting and worse outcome in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(2):562-568.
  41. Badve SV, Paul SK, Klein K, et al. The association between body mass index and mortality in incident dialysis patients. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114897.
  42. Chazot C, Gassia JP, Di Benedetto A, Cesare S, Ponce P, Marcelli D. Is there any survival advantage of obesity in Southern European haemodialysis patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(9):2871-2876.
  43. Hanks LJ, Tanner RM, Muntner P, et al. Metabolic subtypes and risk of mortality in normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(12):2064-2071.
  44. Hoogeveen EK, Halbesma N, Rothman KJ, et al. Obesity and mortality risk among younger dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(2):280-288.
  45. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD, Kilpatrick RD, et al. Association of morbid obesity and weight change over time with cardiovascular survival in hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(3): 489-500.
  46. Kim YK, Kim SH, Kim HW, et al. The association between body mass index and mortality on peritoneal dialysis: a prospective cohort study. Perit Dial Int. 2014;34(4):383-389.
  47. Leavey SF, McCullough K, Hecking E, Goodkin D, Port FK, Young EW. Body mass index and mortality in 'healthier' as compared with 'sicker' haemodialysis patients: results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(12):2386-2394.
  48. Leinig C, Pecoits-Filho R, Nascimento MM, Goncalves S, Riella MC, Martins C. Association between body mass index and body fat in chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 5, hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2008;18(5):424-429.
  49. Lievense H, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lukowsky LR, et al. Relationship of body size and initial dialysis modality on subsequent transplantation, mortality and weight gain of ESRD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(9):3631-3638.
  50. Madero M, Sarnak MJ, Wang X, et al. Body mass index and mortality in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(3):404-411.
  51. Mathew S, Abraham G, Vijayan M, et al. Body composition monitoring and nutrition in maintenance hemodialysis and CAPD patients-a multicenter longitudinal study. Ren Fail. 2015;37(1):66-72.
  52. McDonald SP, Collins JF, Johnson DW. Obesity is associated with worse peritoneal dialysis outcomes in the Australia and New Zealand patientpopulations. JAm Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(11):2894-2901.
  53. Molnar MZ, Streja E, Kovesdy CP, et al. Associations of body mass index and weight loss with mortality in transplant-waitlisted maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Transplant. 2011;11(4): 725-736.
  54. Wiesholzer M, Harm F, Schuster K, et al. Initial body mass indexes have contrary effects on change in body weight and mortality of patients on maintenance hemodialysis treatment. J Ren Nutr. 2003;13(3):174-185.
  55. Yen TH, Lin JL, Lin-Tan DT, Hsu CW. Association between body mass and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Ther Apher Dial. 2010;14(4):400-408.
  56. Beberashvili I, Sinuani I, Azar A, et al. Nutritional and inflammatory status of hemodialysis patients in relation to their body mass index. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19(3):238-247.
  57. Kadiri Mel M, Nechba RB, Oualim Z. Factors predicting malnutrition in hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2011;22(4):695-704.
  58. Kahraman S, Yilmaz R, Akinci D, et al. U-Shaped association of body mass index with inflammation and atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2005;15(4):377-386.
  59. Steiber A, Leon JB, Secker D, et al. Multicenter study of the validity and reliability of subjective global assessment in the hemodialysis population. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17(5):336-342.
  60. Visser R, Dekker FW, Boeschoten EW, Stevens P, Krediet RT. Reliability of the 7-point subjective global assessment scale in assessing nutritional status of dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial. 1999;15:222-225.
  61. Doshi M, Streja E, Rhee CM, et al. Examining the robustness of the obesity paradox in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a marginal structural model analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(8):1310-1319.
  62. Ricks J, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in the association of body mass index and survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58(4): 574-582.
  63. Ahmadi SF, Zahmatkesh G, Streja E, et al. Association of body mass index with mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Perit Dial Int. 2016;36(3):315-325.
  64. Ahmadi SF, Zahmatkesh G, Ahmadi E, et al. Association of body mass index with clinical outcomes in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiorenal Med. 2015;6(1):37-49.
  65. Ahmadi SF, Zahmatkesh G, Streja E, et al. Body mass index and mortality in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol. 2014;40(4):315-324.
  66. Hamwi G. Changing dietary concepts in diabetes mellitus. In: Danowski T, ed. Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Treatment. Vol. 1. New York, NY: American Diabetes Association; 1964: 73-78.
  67. KDOQI Work Group. Clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. K/DOQI, National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(6 suppl 2):S1-S140.
  68. Kopple JD, Zhu X, Lew NL, Lowrie EG. Body weight-for-height relationships predict mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1999;56(3):1136-1148.
  69. Karkeck J. Adjusted body weight for obesity. In: American Dietetic Association Renal Practice Group Newsletter. 1984:3(6).
  70. McCann L, ed. Pocket Guide to Nutrition Assessment of the Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease. 5th ed. New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation Council on Renal Nutrition; 2015.
  71. Byham-Gray L, Stover J, Wiesen K, eds. A Clinical Guide for the Nutrition Care of Kidney Disease. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; 2013.
  72. Campbell KL, MacLaughlin HL. Unintentional weight loss is an independent predictor of mortality in a hemodialysis population. J Ren Nutr. 2010;20(6):414-418.
  73. Jones CH, Akbani H, Croft DC, Worth DP. The relationship between serum albumin and hydration status in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2002;12(4):209-212.
  74. Malgorzewicz S, Debska-Slizien A, Rutkowski B, Lysiak-Szydlowska W. Serum concentration of amino acids versus nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2008;18(2): 239-247.
  75. Molfino A, Heymsfield SB, Zhu F, et al. Prealbumin is associated with visceral fat mass in patients receiving hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(6):406-410.
  76. Yelken BM, Gorgulu N, Caliskan Y, et al. Comparison of nutritional status in hemodialysis patients with and without failed renal allografts. Clin Transplant. 2010;24(4):481-487.
  77. Gurreebun F, Hartley GH, Brown AL, Ward MC, Goodship TH. Nutritional screening in patients on hemodialysis: is subjective global assessment an appropriate tool? J Ren Nutr. 2007;17(2):114-117.
  78. Leinig CE, Moraes T, Ribeiro S, et al. Predictive value of malnutrition markers for mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(2):176-183.
  79. de Mutsert R, Grootendorst DC, Boeschoten EW, et al. Subjective global assessment of nutritional status is strongly asso-ciated with mortality in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(3):787-793.
  80. Vannini FD, Antunes AA, Caramori JC, Martin LC, Barretti P. Associations between nutritional markers and inflammation in he-modialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 81
  81. DiSilvestro RA, Blostein-Fujii A. Moderate zinc deficiency in rats enhances lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(4):739-742.
  82. de Araujo Antunes A, Vannini FD, Martin LC, et al. Inflammation and overweight in peritoneal dialysis: is there an association? Ren Fail. 2009;31(7):549-554.
  83. Isoyama N, Qureshi AR, Avesani CM, et al. Comparative associations of muscle mass and muscle strength with mortality in dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(10): 1720-1728.
  84. Molnar MZ, Keszei A, Czira ME, et al. Evaluation of the malnutrition-inflammation score in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56(1):102-111.
  85. Cigarran S, Pousa M, Castro MJ, et al. Endogenous testosterone, muscle strength, and fat-free mass in men with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(5):e89-e95.
  86. Wing MR, Yang W, Teal V, et al. Race modifies the association between adiposity and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease: findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(5):1359-1366.
  87. Harty JC, Boulton H, Curwell J, et al. The normalized protein catabolic rate is a flawed marker of nutrition in CAPD patients. Kidney Int. 1994;45(1):103-109.
  88. Enia G, Sicuso C, Alati G, Zoccali C. Subjective global assessment of nutrition in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8(10):1094-1098.
  89. Amparo FC, Cordeiro AC, Carrero JJ, et al. Malnutritioninflammation score is associated with handgrip strength in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients. J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(4):283-287.
  90. Hasheminejad N, Namdari M, Mahmoodi MR, Bahrampour A, Azmandian J. Association of handgrip strength with malnutritioninflammation score as an assessment of nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2016;10(1):30-35.
  91. Silva LF, Matos CM, Lopes GB, et al. Handgrip strength as a simple indicator of possible malnutrition and inflammation in men and women on maintenance hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(3):235-245.
  92. Gundmi S, Maiya AG, Bhat AK, Ravishankar N, Hande MH, Rajagopal KV. Hand dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: sys-tematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2018;61(2):99-104.
  93. Byham-Gray L, Parrott JS, Ho WY, Sundell MB, Ikizler TA. Development of a predictive energy equation for maintenance he-modialysis patients: a pilot study. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(1):32-41.
  94. Dias Rodrigues JC, Lamarca F, Lacroix de Oliveira C, Cuppari L, Louren^o RA, Avesani CM. Agreement between prediction equations and indirect calorimetry to estimate resting energy expenditure in elderly patients on hemodialysis. e-SPEN J. 2014;9(2):e91-e96.
  95. Kamimura MA, Avesani CM, Bazanelli AP, Baria F, Draibe SA, Cuppari L. Are prediction equations reliable for estimating resting energy expenditure in chronic kidney disease patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(2):544-550.
  96. Lee SW, Kim HJ, Kwon HK, Son SM, Song JH, Kim MJ. Agreements between indirect calorimetry and prediction equations of resting energy expenditure in end-stage renal disease patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Yonsei Med J. 2008;49(2):255-264.
  97. Neyra R, Chen KY, Sun M, Shyr Y, Hakim RM, Ikizler TA. Increased resting energy expenditure in patients with endstage renal disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003;27(1): 36-42.
  98. Vilar E, Machado A, Garrett A, Kozarski R, Wellsted D, Farrington K. Disease-specific predictive formulas for energy expenditure in the dialysis population. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(4):243-251.
  99. Beberashvili I, Azar A, Sinuani I, et al. Comparison analysis of nutritional scores for serial monitoring of nutritional status in hemo-dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(3):443-451.
  100. Yamada M, Arai H, Nishiguchi S, et al. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for long-term care insurance (LTCI) need certification among older Japanese adults: a two-year prospective cohort study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;57(3): 328-332.
  101. Lawson CS, Campbell KL, Dimakopoulos I, Dockrell ME. Assessing the validity and reliability of the MUST and MST nutrition screening tools in renal inpatients. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(5): 499-506.
  102. Afsar B, Sezer S, Arat Z, Tutal E, Ozdemir FN, Haberal M. Reliability of mini nutritional assessment in hemodialysis compared with subjective global assessment. J Ren Nutr. 2006;16(3):277-282.
  103. Santin FG, Bigogno FG, Dias Rodrigues JC, Cuppari L, Avesani CM. Concurrent and predictive validity of composite methods to assess nutritional status in older adults on hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2016;26(1):18-25.
  104. Erdogan E, Tutal E, Uyar ME, et al. Reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis in the evaluation of the nutritional status of he-modialysis patients - a comparison with Mini Nutritional Assessment. Transplant Proc. 2013;45(10):3485-3488.
  105. Campbell KL, Bauer JD, Ikehiro A, Johnson DW. Role of nutrition impact symptoms in predicting nutritional status and clinical outcome in hemodialysis patients: a potential screening tool. J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(4):302-307.
  106. Bennett PN, Breugelmans L, Meade A, Parkhurst D. A simple nutrition screening tool for hemodialysis nurses. J Ren Nutr. 2006;16(1):59-62.
  107. Xia YA, Healy A, Kruger R. Developing and validating a renal nutrition screening tool to effectively identify undernutrition risk among renal inpatients. J Ren Nutr. 2016;26(5):299-307.
  108. Moreau-Gaudry X, Jean G, Genet L, et al. A simple proteinenergy wasting score predicts survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(6):395-400.
  109. Jones CH, Wolfenden RC, Wells LM. Is subjective global assessment a reliable measure of nutritional status in hemodialysis? J Ren Nutr. 2004;14(1):26-30.
  110. Perez Vogt B, Costa Teixeira Caramori J. Are nutritional composed scoring systems and protein-energy wasting score associated with mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients? J Ren Nutr. 2016;26(3):183-189.
  111. Tapiawala S, Vora H, Patel Z, Badve S, Shah B. Subjective global assessment of nutritional status of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end stage renal disease on dialysis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2006;54:923-926.
  112. Garagarza C, Joao-Matias P, Sousa-Guerreiro C, et al. Nutritional status and overhydration: can bioimpedance spectroscopy be useful in haemodialysis patients? Nefrologia. 2013;33(5): 667-674.
  113. Passadakis P, Sud K, Dutta A, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis in the evaluation of the nutritional status of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial. 1999;15:147-152.
  114. Hou Y, Li X, Hong D, et al. Comparison of different assessments for evaluating malnutrition in Chinese patients with endstage renal disease with maintenance hemodialysis. Nutr Res. 2012;32(4):266-271.
  115. Chen KH, Wu CH, Hsu CW, et al. Protein nutrition index as a function of patient survival rate in peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2010;33(3):174-180.
  116. Blumberg Benyamini S, Katzir Z, Biro A, et al. Nutrition assessment and risk prediction in dialysis patients-a new integrative score. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(6):401-410.
  117. Silva DA, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Accuracy and measures of association of anthropometric indexes of obesity to identify the presence of hypertension in adults: a population-based study in Southern Brazil. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(1):237-246.
  118. Avesani CM, Kamimura MA, Draibe SA, Cuppari L. Is energy intake underestimated in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients? J Ren Nutr. 2005;15(1):159-165.
  119. Bazanelli AP, Kamimura MA, Vasselai P, Draibe SA, Cuppari L. Underreporting of energy intake in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2010;20(4):263-269.
  120. Griffiths A, Russell L, Breslin M, Russell G, Davies S. A comparison of two methods of dietary assessment in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 1999;9(1):26-31.
  121. Kai H, Doi M, Okada M, et al. Evaluation of the validity of a novel CKD assessment checklist used in the Frontier of Renal Outcome Modifications in Japan Study. J Ren Nutr. 2016;26(5): 334-340.
  122. Kloppenburg WD, Stegeman CA, de Jong PE, Huisman RM. Anthropometry-based equations overestimate the urea distribution volume in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001;59(3):1165-1174.
  123. Laxton JC, Harrison SP, Shaw AB. Assessment of protein intake in early progressive renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1991;6(1):17-20.
  124. Shapiro BB, Bross R, Morrison G, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Self-reported interview-assisted diet records underreport energy intake in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2015;25(4):357-363.
  125. Delgado C, Ward P, Chertow GM, et al. Calibration of the brief food frequency questionnaire among patients on dialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(3):151-156.e151.
  126. Lorenzo V, de Bonis E, Rufino M, et al. Caloric rather than protein deficiency predominates in stable chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995;10(10): 1885-1889.
  127. Virga G, Viglino G, Gandolfo C, Aloi E, Cavalli PL. Normalization of protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance and dialytic adequacy in CAPD. Perit Dial Int. 1996;16(suppl 1):S185-S189.
  128. American Diabetes Association. Choose Your Foods: Food Lists for Weight Management. 1st ed. Chicago, IL: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; 2014.
  129. Campbell KL, Ash S, Davies PS, Bauer JD. Randomized controlled trial of nutritional counseling on body composition and dietary intake in severe CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(5):748-758.
  130. Howden EJ, Leano R, Petchey W, Coombes JS, Isbel NM, Marwick TH. Effects of exercise and lifestyle intervention on car-diovascular function in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(9): 1494-1501.
  131. Flesher M, Woo P, Chiu A, Charlebois A, Warburton DE, Leslie B. Self-management and biomedical outcomes of a cooking, and exercise program for patients with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(2):188-195.
  132. Paes-Barreto JG, Silva MI, Qureshi AR, et al. Can renal nutrition education improve adherence to a low-protein diet in patients with stages 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease? J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(3):164-171.
  133. Leon JB, Majerle AD, Soinski JA, Kushner I, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Sehgal AR. Can a nutrition intervention improve albumin levels among hemodialysis patients? A pilot study. J Ren Nutr. 2001;11(1):9-15.
  134. Orazio LK, Isbel NM, Armstrong KA, et al. Evaluation of dietetic advice for modification of cardiovascular disease risk factors in renal transplant recipients. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(6):462-471.
  135. Ashurst Ide B, Dobbie H. A randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention to improve phosphate levels in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2003;13(4):267-274.
  136. Lou LM, Caverni A, Gimeno JA, et al. Dietary intervention focused on phosphate intake in hemodialysis patients with hyper-phosphoremia. Clin Nephrol. 2012;77(6):476-483.
  137. Karavetian M, de Vries N, Rizk R, Elzein H. Dietary educational interventions for management of hyperphosphatemia in he-modialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2014;72(7):471-482.
  138. Morey B, Walker R, Davenport A. More dietetic time, better outcome? A randomized prospective study investigating the effect of more dietetic time on phosphate control in end-stage kidney failure haemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract. 2008;109(3):c173-c180.
  139. Hernandez Morante JJ, Sanchez-Villazala A, Cutillas RC, Fuentes MC. Effectiveness of a nutrition education program for the prevention and treatment of malnutrition in end-stage renal disease. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(1):42-49.
  140. Reese PP, Mgbako O, Mussell A, et al. A pilot randomized trial of financial incentives or coaching to lower serum phosphorus in dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2015;25(6):510-517.
  141. Sutton D, Higgins B, Stevens JM. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients are unable to increase dietary intake to recommended levels. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17(5):329-335.
  142. Karavetian M, Ghaddar S. Nutritional education for the management of osteodystrophy (NEMO) in patients on haemodialysis: a randomised controlled trial. J Ren Care. 2013;39(1):19-30.
  143. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Evidence Analysis Library. Medical Nutrition Therapy Effectiveness (MNT) Systematic Review (2013-2015). 2015. https://www.andeal.org/topic.cfm? menu=5284. Accessed May 24, 2020.
  144. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Fouque D. Nutritional management of chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(18):1765-1776.
  145. Bellizzi V, Di Iorio BR, De Nicola L, et al. Very low protein diet supplemented with ketoanalogs improves blood pressure control in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2007;71(3):245-251.
  146. Feiten SF, Draibe SA, Watanabe R, et al. Short-term effects of a very-low-protein diet supplemented with ketoacids in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(1):129-136.
  147. Garneata L, Stancu A, Dragomir D, Stefan G, Mircescu G. Ketoanalogue-supplemented vegetarian very low-protein diet and CKD progression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(7):2164-2176.
  148. Herselman MG, Albertse EC, Lombard CJ, Swanepoel CR, Hough FS. Supplemented low-protein diets-are they superior in chronic renal failure? S Afr Med J. 1995;85(5):361-365.
  149. Kloppenburg WD, Stegeman CA, Hovinga TK, et al. Effect of prescribing a high protein diet and increasing the dose of dialysis on nutrition in stable chronic haemodialysis patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(5):1212-1223.
  150. Kopple JD, Levey AS, Greene T, et al. Effect of dietary protein restriction on nutritional status in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int. 1997;52(3):778-791.
  151. Kuhlmann MK, Schmidt F, Kohler H. High protein/energy vs. standard protein/energy nutritional regimen in the treatment of malnourished hemodialysis patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1999;25(4-6):306-310.
  152. Li H, Long Q, Shao C, et al. Effect of short-term low-protein diet supplemented with keto acids on hyperphosphatemia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Blood Purif. 2011;31(1-3):33-40.
  153. Locatelli F, Alberti D, Graziani G, Buccianti G, Redaelli B, Giangrande A. Prospective, randomised, multicentre trial of effect of protein restriction on progression of chronic renal insufficiency. Northern Italian Cooperative Study Group. Lancet. 1991;337(8753):1299-1304.
  154. Mircescu G, Garneata L, Stancu SH, Capusa C. Effects of a supplemented hypoproteic diet in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17(3):179-188.
  155. Prakash S, Pande DP, Sharma S, Sharma D, Bal CS, Kulkarni H. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of ketodiet in predialytic chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr. 2004;14(2):89-96.
  156. Sanchez C, Aranda P, Planells E, et al. Influence of low-protein dietetic foods consumption on quality of life and levels of B vitamins and homocysteine in patients with chronic renal failure. Nutr Hosp. 2010;25(2):238-244.
  157. Williams PS, Stevens ME, Fass G, Irons L, Bone JM. Failure of dietary protein and phosphate restriction to retard the rate of progression of chronic renal failure: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Q J Med. 1991;81(294):837-855.
  158. Kopple JD, Shinaberger JH, Coburn JW, Sorensen MK, Rubini ME. Optimal dietary protein treatment during chronic hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1969;15:302-308.
  159. Slomowitz LA, Monteon FJ, Grosvenor M, Laidlaw SA, Kopple JD. Effect of energy intake on nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1989;35(2):704-711.
  160. Fouque D, Vennegoor M, ter Wee P, et al. EBPG guideline on nutrition. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(suppl 2): ii45-ii87.
  161. Cianciaruso B, Pota A, Bellizzi V, et al. Effect of a low-versus moderate-protein diet on progression of CKD: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(6):1052-1061.
  162. Cianciaruso B, Pota A, Pisani A, et al. Metabolic effects of two low protein diets in chronic kidney disease stage 4-5-a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(2):636-644.
  163. D'Amico G, Gentile MG, Fellin G, Manna G, Cofano F. Effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of renal failure: a prospective randomized trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9(11): 1590-1594.
  164. Hansen HP, Tauber-Lassen E, Jensen BR, Parving HH. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2002;62(1):220-228.
  165. Jesudason DR, Pedersen E, Clifton PM. Weight-loss diets in people with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of different dietaryprotein amounts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(2):494-501.
  166. Locatelli F. Controlled study of protein-restricted diet in chronic renal failure. Contrib Nephrol. 1989;75:141-146.
  167. Rosman JB, Langer K, Brandl M, et al. Protein-restricted diets in chronic renal failure: a four year follow-up shows limited indications. Kidney Int Suppl. 1989;27:S96-S102.
  168. Rosman JB, ter Wee PM, Piers-Becht GP, et al. Early protein restriction in chronic renal failure. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc. 1985;21:567-573.
  169. Rosman JB, ter Wee PM. Relationship between proteinuria and response to low protein diets early in chronic renal failure. Blood Purif. 1989;7(1):52-57.
  170. Meloni C, Morosetti M, Suraci C, et al. Severe dietary protein restriction in overt diabetic nephropathy: benefits or risks? J Ren Nutr. 2002;12(2):96-101.
  171. Coggins CH, Dwyer JT, Greene T, Petot G, Snetselaar LG, Van Lente F. Serum lipid changes associated with modified protein diets: results from the feasibility phase of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;23(4):514-523.
  172. Koppe L, Cassani de Oliveira M, Fouque D. Ketoacid analogues supplementation in chronic kidney disease and future perspectives. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2071.
  173. Jiang N, Qian J, Sun W, et al. Better preservation of residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients treated with a low-protein diet supplemented with keto acids: a prospective, randomized trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(8):2551-2558.
  174. Jungers P, Chauveau P, Ployard F, Lebkiri B, Ciancioni C, Man NK. Comparison of ketoacids and low protein diet on advanced chronic renal failure progression. Kidney Int Suppl. 1987;22:S67-S71.
  175. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(13):877-884.
  176. Levey AS, Adler S, Caggiula AW, et al. Effects of dietary protein restriction on the progression of advanced renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;27(5):652-663.
  177. Malvy D, Maingourd C, Pengloan J, Bagros P, Nivet H. Effects of severe protein restriction with ketoanalogues in advanced renal failure. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(5):481-486.
  178. MenonV,WangX,GreeneT,etal.Homocysteineinchronic kidney disease: effect of low protein diet and repletion with B vitamins. Kidney Int. 2005;67(4):1539-1546.
  179. Jiang Z, Tang Y, Yang L, Mi X, Qin W. Effect of restricted protein diet supplemented with keto analogues in end-stage renal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2018;50(4):687-694.
  180. KDOQI Workgroup. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(2 suppl 2):S12-S154.
  181. KDIGO Workgroup. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):1-150.
  182. Dullaart RP, Beusekamp BJ, Meijer S, van Doormaal JJ, Sluiter WJ. Long-term effects of protein-restricted diet on albuminuria and renal function in IDDM patients without clinical nephropathy and hypertension. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(2):483-492.
  183. Dussol B, Iovanna C, Raccah D, et al. A randomized trial of low-protein diet in type 1 and in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with incipient and overt nephropathy. J Ren Nutr. 2005;15(4):398-406.
  184. Pijls LT, de Vries H, van Eijk JT, Donker AJ. Protein restriction, glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(12): 1200-1207.
  185. Raal FJ, Kalk WJ, Lawson M, et al. Effect of moderate dietary protein restriction on the progression of overt diabetic nephropathy: a 6-mo prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60(4):579-585.
  186. Walker JD, Bending JJ, Dodds RA, et al. Restriction of dietary protein and progression of renal failure in diabetic nephropathy. Lancet. 1989;2(8677):1411-1415.
  187. Zeller K, Whittaker E, Sullivan L, Raskin P, Jacobson HR. Effect of restricting dietary protein on the progression of renal failure in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(2):78-84.
  188. Nezu U, Kamiyama H, Kondo Y, Sakuma M, Morimoto T, Ueda S. Effect of low-protein diet on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2013;3(5):e002934.
  189. Robertson L, Waugh N, Robertson A. Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;4: CD002181.
  190. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Supasyndh O, Lehn RS, McAllister CJ, Kopple JD. Normalized protein nitrogen appearance is correlated with hospitalization and mortality in hemodialysis patients with Kt/V greater than 1.20. J Ren Nutr. 2003;13(1):15-25.
  191. Ravel VA, Molnar MZ, Streja E, et al. Low protein nitrogen appearance as a surrogate of low dietary protein intake is associated with higher all-cause mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Nutr. 2013;143(7):1084-1092.
  192. Ko GJ, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Goldstein-Fuchs J, Rhee CM. Dietary approaches in the management of diabetic patients with kidney disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):824.
  193. Chauveau P, Barthe N, Rigalleau V, et al. Outcome of nutritional status and body composition of uremic patients on a very low protein diet. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;34(3):500-507.
  194. Neumann D, Lamprecht J, Robinski M, Mau W, Girndt M. Social relationships and their impact on health-related outcomes in peritoneal versus haemodialysis patients: a prospective cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;33(7):1235-1244.
  195. Wada K, Nakamura K, Tamai Y, et al. Soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk in Japan: from the Takayama study. Int J Cancer. 2013;133(4):952-960.
  196. Jing Z, Wei-Jie Y. Effects of soy protein containing isoflavones in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(1):117-124.
  197. Frigolet ME, Torres N, Tovar AR. Soya protein attenuates abnormalities of the renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue from obese rats. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(1):36-44.
  198. Iwasaki K, Gleiser CA, Masoro EJ, McMahan CA, Seo EJ, Yu BP. The influence of dietary protein source on longevity and age-related disease processes of Fischer rats. J Gerontol. 1988;43(1): B5-B12.
  199. Moe SM, Zidehsarai MP, Chambers MA, et al. Vegetarian compared with meat dietary protein source and phosphorus homeostasis in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(2):257-264.
  200. Soroka N, Silverberg DS, Greemland M, et al. Comparison of a vegetable-based (soya) and an animal-based low-protein diet in predialysis chronic renal failure patients. Nephron. 1998;79(2):173-180.
  201. Fanti P, Asmis R, Stephenson TJ, Sawaya BP, Franke AA. Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammation-correlation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(8):2239-2246.
  202. Tabibi H, Imani H, Hedayati M, Atabak S, Rahmani L. Effects of soy consumption on serum lipids and apoproteins in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Perit Dial Int. 2010;30(6):611-618.
  203. Chen W, Liu Y, Yang Q, et al. The effect of protein-enriched meal replacement on waist circumference reduction among overweight and obese Chinese with hyperlipidemia. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35(3):236-244.
  204. Leech RM, Worsley A, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality. Nutr Res Rev. 2015;28(1):1-21.
  205. Hu FB. Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13(1):3-9.
  206. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(14):1279-1290.
  207. Salehi-Abargouei A, Maghsoudi Z, Shirani F, Azadbakht L. Effects of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-style diet on fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular diseases-incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis on observational prospective studies. Nutrition. 2013;29(4):611-618.
  208. Sofi F, Macchi C, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Mediterranean diet and health status: an updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(12):2769-2782.
  209. Mekki K, Bouzidi-bekada N, Kaddous A, Bouchenak M. Mediterranean diet improves dyslipidemia and biomarkers in chronic renal failure patients. Food Funct. 2010;1(1):110-115.
  210. Di Daniele N, Di Renzo L, Noce A, et al. Effects of Italian Mediterranean organic diet vs. low-protein diet in nephropathic patients according to MTHFR genotypes. J Nephrol. 2014;27(5):529-536.
  211. Stachowska E, Wesolowska T, Olszewska M, et al. Elements of Mediterranean diet improve oxidative status in blood of kidney graft recipients. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(3):345-352.
  212. Goraya N, Simoni J, Jo CH, Wesson DE. A comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 hypertensive kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(3):371-381.
  213. Goraya N, Simoni J, Jo CH, Wesson DE. Treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or oral bicarbonate reduces urine angio-tensinogen and preserves glomerular filtration rate. Kidney Int. 2014;86(5):1031-1038.
  214. Goraya N, Simoni J, Jo C, Wesson DE. Dietary acid reduction with fruits and vegetables or bicarbonate attenuates kidney injury in patients with a moderately reduced glomerular filtration rate due to hypertensive nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2012;81(1):86-93.
  215. Kelly JT, Palmer SC, Wai SN, et al. Healthy dietary patterns and risk of mortality and ESRD in CKD: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(2):272-279.
  216. Palmer SC, Maggo JK, Campbell KL, et al. Dietary interventions for adults with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4:CD011998.
  217. Joshi S, Shah S, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Adequacy of plant-based proteins in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2019;29(2):112-117.
  218. Ikizler TA, Cano NJ, Franch H, et al. Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: a consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Kidney Int. 2013;84(6):1096-1107.
  219. Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P, Cuppari L, et al. Etiology of the protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM). J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(2): 77-90.
  220. Rocco MV, Paranandi L, Burrowes JD, et al. Nutritional status in the HEMO Study cohort at baseline. Hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(2):245-256.
  221. Allman MA, Stewart PM, Tiller DJ, Horvath JS, Duggin GG, Truswell AS. Energy supplementation and the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51(4):558-562.
  222. Bolasco P, Caria S, Cupisti A, Secci R, Saverio Dioguardi F. A novel amino acids oral supplementation in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Ren Fail. 2011;33(1):1-5.
  223. Calegari A, Barros EG, Veronese FV, Thome FS. Malnourished patients on hemodialysis improve after receiving a nutritional intervention. J Bras Nefrol. 2011;33(4):394-401.
  224. Fouque D, McKenzie J, de Mutsert R, et al. Use of a renal-specific oral supplement by haemodialysis patients with low protein intake does not increase the need for phosphate binders and may prevent a decline in nutritional status and quality of life. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(9):2902-2910.
  225. Gonzalez-Espinoza L, Gutierrez-Chavez J, del Campo FM, et al. Randomized, open label, controlled clinical trial of oral administration of an egg albumin-based protein supplement to patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2005;25(2): 173-180.
  226. Hung SC, Tarng DC. Adiposity and insulin resistance in nondiabetic hemodialysis patients: effects of high energy supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(1):64-69.
  227. Moretti HD, Johnson AM, Keeling-Hathaway TJ. Effects of protein supplementation in chronic hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19(4):298-303.
  228. Teixido-Planas J, Ortiz A, Coronel F, et al. Oral proteinenergy supplements in peritoneal dialysis: a multicenter study. Perit Dial Int. 2005;25(2):163-172.
  229. Tomayko EJ, Kistler BM, Fitschen PJ, Wilund KR. Intradialytic protein supplementation reduces inflammation and improves physical function in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2015;25(3):276-283.
  230. Wilson B, Fernandez-Madrid A, Hayes A, Hermann K, Smith J, Wassell A. Comparison of the effects of two early intervention strategies on the health outcomes of malnourished hemo-dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2001;11(3):166-171.
  231. Wu HL, Sung JM, Kao MD, Wang MC, Tseng CC, Chen ST. Nonprotein calorie supplement improves adherence to low-protein diet and exerts beneficial responses on renal function in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(4):271-276.
  232. Cheu C, Pearson J, Dahlerus C, et al. Association between oral nutritional supplementation and clinical outcomes among patients with ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(1):100-107.
  233. Scott MK, Shah NA, Vilay AM, Thomas 3rd J, Kraus MA, Mueller BA. Effects of peridialytic oral supplements on nutritional status and quality of life in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19(2):145-152.
  234. Sezer S, Bal Z, Tutal E, Uyar ME, Acar NO. Long-term oral nutrition supplementation improves outcomes in malnourished patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014;38(8):960-965.
  235. Hiroshige K, Iwamoto M, Kabashima N, Mutoh Y, Yuu K, Ohtani A. Prolonged use of intradialysis parenteral nutrition in elderly malnourished chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(8):2081-2087.
  236. Hiroshige K, Sonta T, Suda T, Kanegae K, Ohtani A. Oral supplementation of branched-chain amino acid improves nutritional status in elderly patients on chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(9):1856-1862.
  237. Cano NJ, Fouque D, Roth H, et al. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition does not improve survival in malnourished hemodialysis patients: a 2-year multicenter, prospective, randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(9):2583-2591.
  238. Toigo G, Situlin R, Tamaro G, et al. Effect of intravenous supplementation of a new essential amino acid formulation in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl. 1989;27:S278-S281.
  239. Marsen TA, Beer J, Mann H. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition in maintenance hemodialysis patients suffering from protein-energy wasting. Results of a multicenter, open, prospective, randomized trial. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):107-117.
  240. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ikizler TA. Let them eat during dialysis: an overlooked opportunity to improve outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(3):157-163.
  241. Akpele L, Bailey JL. Nutrition counseling impacts serum albumin levels. J Ren Nutr. 2004;14(3):143-148.
  242. Park MS, Choi SR, Song YS, Yoon SY, Lee SY, Han DS. New insight of amino acid-based dialysis solutions. Kidney Int. 2006;70:S110-S114.
  243. Tjiong HL, Swart R, Van den Berg JW, Fieren MW. Dialysate as food as an option for automated peritoneal dialysis. NDT Plus. 2008;1(suppl 4):iv36-iv40.
  244. Kopple JD, Bernard D, Messana J, et al. Treatment of malnourished CAPD patients with an amino acid based dialysate. Kidney Int. 1995;47(4):1148-1157.
  245. Jones M, Hagen T, Boyle CA, et al. Treatment of malnutrition with 1.1% amino acid peritoneal dialysis solution: results of a multicenter outpatient study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(5):761-769.
  246. Li FK, Chan LY, Woo JC, et al. A 3-year, prospective, randomized, controlled study on amino acid dialysate in patients on CAPD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(1):173-183.
  247. Misra M, Reaveley DA, Ashworth J, Muller B, Seed M, Brown EA. Six-month prospective cross-over study to determine the effects of 1.1% amino acid dialysate on lipid metabolism in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 1997;17(3):279-286.
  248. Friedman AN, Yu Z, Tabbey R, et al. Low blood levels of long-chain Омега-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in US hemodialysis patients: clinical implications. Am J Nephrol. 2012;36(5):451-458.
  249. Lemos JR, Alencastro MG, Konrath AV, Cargnin M, Manfro RC. Flaxseed oil supplementation decreases C-reactive protein levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nutr Res. 2012;32(12):921-927.
  250. Khalatbari Soltani S, Jamaluddin R, Tabibi H, et al. Effects of flaxseed consumption on systemic inflammation and serum lipid profile in hemodialysis patients with lipid abnormalities. Hemodial Int. 2013;17(2):275-281.
  251. Svensson M, Schmidt EB, Jorgensen KA, Christensen JH. ОМЕГА-3 fatty acids as secondary prevention against cardiovascular events in patients who undergo chronic hemodialysis: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(4):780-786.
  252. Berthoux FC, Guerin C, Burgard G, Berthoux P, Alamartine E. One-year randomized controlled trial with omega-3 fatty acid-fish oil in clinical renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1992;24(6):2578-2582.
  253. Maachi K, Berthoux P, Burgard G, Alamartine E, Berthoux F. Results of a 1-year randomized controlled trial with omega-3 fatty acid fish oil in renal transplantation under triple immunosuppressive therapy. Transplant Proc. 1995;27(1):846-849.
  254. Lok CE, Moist L, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. Effect of fish oil supplementation on graft patency and cardiovascular events among patients with new synthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307(17):1809-1816.
  255. Bowden RG, Jitomir J, Wilson RL, Gentile M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipid levels in endstage renal disease patients. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19(4):259-266.
  256. Schmitz PG, McCloud LK, Reikes ST, Leonard CL, Gellens ME. Prophylaxis of hemodialysis graft thrombosis with fish oil: double-blind, randomized, prospective trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(1):184-190.
  257. Irish AB, Viecelli AK, Hawley CM, et al. Effect of fish oil supplementation and aspirin use on arteriovenous fistula failure in patients requiring hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(2):184-193.
  258. Bennett WM, Carpenter CB, Shapiro ME, et al. Delayed omega-3 fatty acid supplements in renal transplantation. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Transplantation. 1995;59(3):352-356.
  259. Bouzidi N, Mekki K, Boukaddoum A, Dida N, Kaddous A, Bouchenak M. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid sup-plementation on redox status in chronic renal failure patients with dyslipidemia. J Ren Nutr. 2010;20(5):321-328.
  260. Guebre-Egziabher F, Debard C, Drai J, et al. Differential dose effect of fish oil on inflammation and adipose tissue gene expression in chronic kidney disease patients. Nutrition. 2013;29(5): 730-736.
  261. Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey I, et al. The effects of [omega]3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 on blood pressure and heart rate in chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2009;27(9):1863-1872.
  262. Svensson M, Christensen JH, Solling J, Schmidt EB. The effect of Омега-3 fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and blood pressure in patients with CRF. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44(1):77-83.
  263. Khajehdehi P. Lipid-lowering effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2000;10(4):191-195.
  264. Guebre-Egziabher F, Bernhard J, Geelen G, Malvoisin E, Hadj-Aissa A, Fouque D. Leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin dysregu-lation in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2005;15(1):116-120.
  265. Daud ZA, Tubie B, Adams J, et al. Effects of protein and omega-3 supplementation, provided during regular dialysis sessions, on nutritional and inflammatory indices in hemodialysis patients. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:187-195.
  266. Ewers B, Riserus U, Marckmann P. Effects of unsaturated fat dietary supplements on blood lipids, and on markers of malnutrition and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19(5):401-411.
  267. Khajehdehi P. Effect of vitamins on the lipid profile of patients on regular hemodialysis. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2000;34(1): 62-66.
  268. Kooshki A, Taleban FA, Tabibi H, Hedayati M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum lipids, lipoprotein (a), and hematologic factors in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2011;33(9):892-898.
  269. Poulia KA, Panagiotakos DB, Tourlede E, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation does not affect serum lipids in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(6):479-484.
  270. Saifullah A, Watkins BA, Saha C, Li Y, Moe SM, Friedman AN. Oral fish oil supplementation raises blood omega-3 levels and lowers C-reactive protein in haemodialysis patients-a pilot study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(12):3561-3567.
  271. Sorensen GV, Svensson M, Strandhave C, Schmidt EB, Jorgensen KA, Christensen JH. The effect of Омега-3 fatty acids on small dense low-density lipoproteins in patients with end-stage renal disease: a randomized placebo-controlled intervention study. J Ren Nutr. 2015;25(4):376-380.
  272. Tayebi-Khosroshahi H, Dehgan R, Habibi Asl B, et al. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on serum level of homocysteine in hemodialysis patients. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2013;7(6):479-484.
  273. Taziki O, Lessan-Pezeshki M, Akha O, Vasheghani F. The effect of low dose omega-3 on plasma lipids in hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2007;18(4):571-576.
  274. Ramezani M, Nazemian F, Shamsara J, Koohrokhi R, Mohammadpour AH. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on plasma level of 8-isoprostane in kidney transplant patients. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(2): 196-199.
  275. Madsen T, Schmidt EB, Christensen JH. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on C-reactive protein levels in patients with chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17(4):258-263.
  276. Gharekhani A, Khatami MR, Dashti-Khavidaki S, et al. Effects of oral supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on nutritional state and inflammatory markers in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(3):177-185.
  277. Harving F, Svensson M, Flyvbjerg A, et al. Омега-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and adiponectin in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Nephrol. 2015;83(5):279-285.
  278. Hung AM, Booker C, Ellis CD, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit the up-regulation of endothelial chemokines in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(2):266-274.
  279. Deike E, Bowden RG, Moreillon JJ, et al. The effects of fish oil supplementation on markers of inflammation in chronic kidney disease patients. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(6):572-577.
  280. Himmelfarb J, Phinney S, Ikizler TA, Kane J, McMonagle E, Miller G. Gamma-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid decrease inflammation in dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17(5):296-304.
  281. Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA. 2006;296(15):1885-1899.
  282. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106(21):2747-2757.
  283. Strobel C, Jahreis G, Kuhnt K. Survey of Омега-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products. Lipids Health Dis. 2012;11:144.
  284. Kleiner AC, Cladis DP, Santerre CR. A comparison of actual versus stated label amounts of EPA and DHA in commercial omega-3 dietary supplements in the United States. J Sci Food Agric. 2015;95(6):1260-126.
  285. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. National Institutes of Health; 2018. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/. Accessed May 24, 2020.
  286. Lok CE. Protection against Incidences of Serious Cardiovascular Events Study (PISCES). 2013. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN00691795. Accessed May 20, 2020.
  287. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):11-22.
  288. Frank T, Czeche K, Bitsch R, Stein G. Assessment of thiamin status in chronic renal failure patients, transplant recipients and hemodialysis patients receiving a multivitamin supplementation. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000;70(4):159-166.
  289. Hung SC, Hung SH, Tarng DC, Yang WC, Chen TW, Huang TP. Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(5):941-947.
  290. Ihara M, Ito T, Yanagihara C, Nishimura Y. Wernicke's encephalopathy associated with hemodialysis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1999;101(2):118-121.
  291. Porrini M, Simonetti P, Ciappellano S, et al. Thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status in chronic renal insufficiency. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1989;59(3):304-308.
  292. Corken M, Porter J. Is vitamin B(6) deficiency an underrecognized risk in patients receiving haemodialysis? A systematic review: 2000-2010. Nephrology (Carlton). 2011;16(7):619-625.
  293. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Trace elements and vitamins in maintenance dialysis patients. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2003;10(3):170-182.
  294. Kopple JD, Mercurio K, Blumenkrantz MJ, et al. Daily requirement for pyridoxine supplements in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 1981;19(5):694-704.
  295. Singer R, Rhodes HC, Chin G, Kulkarni H, Ferrari P. High prevalence of ascorbate deficiency in an Australian peritoneal dialysis population. Nephrology (Carlton). 2008;13(1):17-22.
  296. Zhang K, Li Y, Cheng X, et al. Cross-over study of influence of oral vitamin C supplementation on inflammatory status in main-tenance hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:252.
  297. Caluwe R, Vandecasteele S, Van Vlem B, Vermeer C, De Vriese AS. Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: a randomized dose-finding study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(7):1385-1390.
  298. Holden RM, Morton AR, Garland JS, Pavlov A, Day AG, Booth SL. Vitamins K and D status in stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(4):590-597.
  299. Schlieper G, Westenfeld R, Kruger T, et al. Circulating nonphosphorylated carboxylated matrix Gla protein predicts survival in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(2):387-395.
  300. Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, et al. Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2007;72(8):1004-1013.
  301. Tucker BM, Safadi S, Friedman AN. Is routine multivitamin supplementation necessary in US chronic adult hemodialysis patients? A systematic review. J Ren Nutr. 2015;25(3): 257-264.
  302. Jankowska M, Rutkowski B, Debska-Slizien A. Vitamins and microelement bioavailability in different stages of chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):282.
  303. Kosmadakis G, Da Costa Correia E, Carceles O, Somda F, Aguilera D. Vitamins in dialysis: who, when and how much? Ren Fail. 2014;36(4):638-650.
  304. Bostom AG, Carpenter MA, Kusek JW, et al. Homocysteine-lowering and cardiovascular disease outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: primary results from the Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction in Transplantation trial. Circulation. 2011;123(16):1763-1770.
  305. Heinz J, Kropf S, Domrose U, et al. B vitamins and the risk of total mortality and cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease: results of a randomized controlled trial. Circulation. 2010;121(12):1432-1438.
  306. Jamison RL, Hartigan P, Kaufman JS, et al. Effect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298(10):1163-1170.
  307. Mann JF, Sheridan P, McQueen MJ, et al. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in people with chronic kidney disease-results of the renal Hope-2 study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(2):645-653.
  308. Thambyrajah J, Landray MJ, McGlynn FJ, Jones HJ, Wheeler DC, Townend JN. Does folic acid decrease plasma homocysteine and improve endothelial function in patients with predialysis renal failure? Circulation. 2000;102(8):871-875.
  309. van Guldener C, Janssen MJ, Lambert J, et al. No change in impaired endothelial function after long-term folic acid therapy of hyperhomocysteinaemia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(1):106-112.
  310. Righetti M, Ferrario GM, Milani S, et al. Effects of folic acid treatment on homocysteine levels and vascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Med Sci Monit. 2003;9(4):PI19-PI24.
  311. Vianna AC, Mocelin AJ, Matsuo T, et al. Uremic hyper-homocysteinemia: a randomized trial of folate treatment for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Hemodial Int. 2007;11(2):210-216.
  312. Wrone EM, Hornberger JM, Zehnder JL, McCann LM, Coplon NS, Fortmann SP. Randomized trial of folic acid for prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(2):420-426.
  313. Zoungas S, McGrath BP, Branley P, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Atherosclerosis and Folic Acid Supplementation Trial (ASFAST) in chronic renal failure: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(6):1108-1116.
  314. Chang TY, Chou KJ, Tseng CF, et al. Effects of folic acid and vitamin B complex on serum C-reactive protein and albumin levels in stable hemodialysis patients. CurrMed Res Opin. 2007;23(8):1879-1886.
  315. Tungkasereerak P, Ong-ajyooth L, Chaiyasoot W, et al. Effect of short-term folate and vitamin B supplementation on blood homocysteine level and carotid artery wall thickness in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006;89(8):1187-1193.
  316. Xu X, Qin X, Li Y, et al. Efficacy of folic acid therapy on the progression of chronic kidney disease: the renal substudy of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1443-1450.
  317. Alvares Delfino VD, de Andrade Vianna AC, Mocelin AJ, Barbosa DS, Mise RA, Matsuo T. Folic acid therapy reduces plasma homocysteine levels and improves plasma antioxidant capacity in hemodialysis patients. Nutrition. 2007;23(3):242-247.
  318. Bernasconi AR, Liste A, Del Pino N, Rosa Diez GJ, Heguilen RM. Folic acid 5 or 15 mg/d similarly reduces plasma homocysteine in patients with moderate-advanced chronic renal failure. Nephrology (Carlton). 2006;11(2):137-141.
  319. De Vecchi AF, Patrosso C, Novembrino C, et al. Folate supplementation in peritoneal dialysis patients with normal erythrocyte folate: effect on plasma homocysteine. Nephron. 2001;89(3): 297-302.
  320. McGregor D, Shand B, Lynn K. A controlled trial of the effect of folate supplements on homocysteine, lipids and hemorheology in end-stage renal disease. Nephron. 2000;85(3):215-220.
  321. Nafar M, Khatami F, Kardavani B, et al. Role of folic acid in atherosclerosis after kidney transplant: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Exp Clin Transplant. 2009;7(1):33-39.
  322. Ossareh S, Shayan-Moghaddam H, Salimi A, Asgari M, Farrokhi F. Different doses of oral folic acid for homocysteine-lowering therapy in patients on hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2009;3(4):227-233.
  323. Sunder-Plassmann G, Fodinger M, Buchmayer H, et al. Effect of high dose folic acid therapy on hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients: results of the Vienna multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11(6):1106-1116.
  324. Azadibakhsh N, Hosseini RS, Atabak S, Nateghiyan N, Golestan B, Rad AH. Efficacy of folate and vitamin B12 in lowering homocysteine concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2009;20(5):779-788.
  325. Bostom AG, Shemin D, Nadeau MR, et al. Short term betaine therapy fails to lower elevated fasting total plasma homocysteine concentrations in hemodialysis patients maintained on chronic folic acid supplementation. Atherosclerosis. 1995;113(1): 129-132.
  326. Chiu YW, Chang JM, Hwang SJ, Tsai JC, Chen HC. Pharmacological dose of vitamin B12 is as effective as low-dose folinic acid in correcting hyperhomocysteinemia of hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2009;31(4):278-283.
  327. Gonin JM, Nguyen H, Gonin R, et al. Controlled trials of very high dose folic acid, vitamins B12 and B6, intravenous folinic acid and serine for treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in ESRD. J Nephrol. 2003;16(4):522-534.
  328. Nakhoul F, Abassi Z, Plawner M, et al. Comparative study of response to treatment with supraphysiologic doses of B-vitamins in hyperhomocysteinemic hemodialysis patients. Isr Med Assoc J. 2004;6(4):213-217.
  329. Tamadon MR, Jamshidi L, Soliemani A, Ghorbani R, Malek F, Malek M. Effect of different doses of folic acid on serum homocys-teine level in patients on hemodialysis. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2011;5(2): 93-96.
  330. Trimarchi H, Schiel A, Freixas E, Diaz M. Randomized trial of methylcobalamin and folate effects on homocysteine in hemodialysis patients. Nephron. 2002;91(1):58-63.
  331. Abdollahzad H, Eghtesadi S, Nourmohammadi I, Khadem-Ansari M, Nejad-Gashti H, Esmaillzadeh A. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and lipid profiles in hemodialysis patients. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2009;79(5-6):281-287.
  332. BiniazV,TayebiA,EbadiA,SadeghiShermehM,EinollahiB. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2014;8(5):401-407.
  333. Fumeron C, Nguyen-Khoa T, Saltiel C, et al. Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation status in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20(9):1874-1879.
  334. Khajehdehi P, Mojerlou M, Behzadi S, Rais-Jalali GA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of supplementary vitamins E, C and their combination for treatment of haemodialysis cramps. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(7):1448-1451.
  335. Singer RF. Vitamin C supplementation in kidney failure: effect on uraemic symptoms. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(2): 614-620.
  336. Canavese C, Petrarulo M, Massarenti P, et al. Long-term, low-dose, intravenous vitamin C leads to plasma calcium oxalate supersaturation in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(3):540-549.
  337. De Vriese AS, Borrey D, Mahieu E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration increases lipid peroxidation in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract. 2008;108(1):c28-c34.
  338. Ono K. The effect of vitamin C supplementation and withdrawal on the mortality and morbidity of regular hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 1989;31(1):31-34.
  339. IOM. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.
  340. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-281.
  341. LaClair RE, Hellman RN, Karp SL, et al. Prevalence of calcidiol deficiency in CKD: a cross-sectional study across latitudes in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(6):1026-1033.
  342. Taskapan H, Ersoy FF, Passadakis PS, et al. Severe vitamin D deficiency in chronic renal failure patients on peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nephrol. 2006;66(4):247-255.
  343. HolickMF,BinkleyNC,Bischoff-FerrariHA,etal.Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-1930.
  344. Barreto Silva MI, Cavalieri VV, Lemos CC, Klein MR, Bregman R. Body adiposity predictors of vitamin D status in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional analysis in a tropical climate city. Nutrition. 2017;33:240-247.
  345. Caravaca-Fontan F, Gonzales-Candia B, Luna E, Caravaca F. Relative importance of the determinants of serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia. 2016;36(5):510-516.
  346. Cuppari L, Carvalho AB, Draibe SA. Vitamin D status of chronic kidney disease patients living in a sunny country. J Ren Nutr. 2008;18(5):408-414.
  347. Takemoto F, Shinki T, Yokoyama K, et al. Gene expression of vitamin D hydroxylase and megalin in the remnant kidney of nephrectomized rats. Kidney Int. 2003;64(2):414-420.
  348. KDIGO Workgroup. KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2017;7:1-59.
  349. KDOQI. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(4 suppl 3):S1-S201.
  350. Bhan I, Dobens D, Tamez H, et al. Nutritional vitamin D supplementation in dialysis: a randomized trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(4):611-619.
  351. Miskulin DC, Majchrzak K,Tighiouart H, et al. Ergocalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis patients with vitamin d deficiency: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(6):1801-1810.
  352. Alvarez JA, Law J, Coakley KE, et al. High-dose cholecalciferol reduces parathyroid hormone in patients with early chronic kidney disease: a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):672-679.
  353. Alvarez JA, Zughaier SM, Law J, et al. Effects of high-dose cholecalciferol on serum markers of inflammation and immunity in patients with early chronic kidney disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(3):264-269.
  354. Armas LA, Andukuri R, Barger-Lux J, Heaney RP, Lund R. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D response to cholecalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(9):1428-1434.
  355. Chandra P, Binongo JN, Ziegler TR, et al. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) therapy and vitamin D insufficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled pilot study. Endocr Pract. 2008;14(1):10-17.
  356. Delanaye P, Weekers L, Warling X, et al. Cholecalciferol in haemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, proof-of-concept and safety study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(7): 1779-1786.
  357. Hewitt NA, O'Connor AA, O'Shaughnessy DV, Elder GJ. Effects of cholecalciferol on functional, biochemical, vascular, and quality of life outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(7):1143-1149.
  358. Mager DR, Jackson ST, Hoffmann MR, Jindal K, Senior PA. Vitamin D3 supplementation, bone health and quality of life in adults with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: results of an open label randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(3):686-696.
  359. Marckmann P, Agerskov H, Thineshkumar S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of cholecalciferol supplementation in chronic kidney disease patients with hypovitaminosis D. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(9):3523-3531.
  360. Massart A, Debelle FD, Racape J, et al. Biochemical parameters after cholecalciferol repletion in hemodialysis: results from the VitaDial randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64(5): 696-705.
  361. Meireles MS, Kamimura MA, Dalboni MA, Giffoni de Carvalho JT, Aoike DT, Cuppari L. Effect of cholecalciferol on vitamin D-regulatory proteins in monocytes and on inflammatory markers in dialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(6):1251-1258.
  362. Seibert E, Lehmann U, Riedel A, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation does not modify cardiovascular risk profile of adults with inadequate vitamin D status. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(2):621-634.
  363. Tokmak F, Quack I, Schieren G, et al. High-dose cholecalciferol to correct vitamin D deficiency in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(12):4016-4020.
  364. Kandula P, Dobre M, Schold JD, Schreiber Jr MJ, Mehrotra R, Navaneethan SD. Vitamin D supplementation in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(1):50-62.
  365. de Boer IH, Ioannou GN, Kestenbaum B, Brunzell JD, Weiss NS. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and albuminuria in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(1):69-77.
  366. Damasiewicz MJ, Magliano DJ, Daly RM, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and the 5-year incidence of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62(1):58-66.
  367. Levin A, Tang M, Perry T, et al. Randomized controlled trial for the effect of vitamin D supplementation on vascular stiffness in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(9):1447-1460.
  368. Susantitaphong P, Nakwan S, Peerapornratana S, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of combined calcitriol and ergocalciferol versus ergocalciferol alone in chronic kidney disease with proteinuria. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):19.
  369. National Kidney Foundation. Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation; 2010. https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/02-10-390B_LBA_KDOQI_ BoneGuide.pdf. Accessed May 18, 2020.
  370. Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, et al. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(6):1357-1364.
  371. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, Ross CA, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB, eds. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.
  372. Miller 3rd ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(1):37-46.
  373. Takouli L, Hadjiyannakos D, Metaxaki P, et al. Vitamin Ecoated cellulose acetate dialysis membrane: long-term effect on inflammation and oxidative stress. Ren Fail. 2010;32(3):287-293.
  374. Yang S-K, Xiao L, Xu B, Xu X-X, Liu F-Y, Sun L. Effects of vitamin E-coated dialyzer on oxidative stress and inflammation status in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail. 2014;36(5):722-731.
  375. Huang J, Yi B, Li AM, Zhang H. Effects of vitamin E-coated dialysis membranes on anemia, nutrition and dyslipidemia status in hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis. Ren Fail. 2015;37(3):398-407.
  376. Ahmadi A, Mazooji N, Roozbeh J, et al. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress, inflamma-tion, and malnutrition in hemodialysis patients. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2013;7(6):461-467.
  377. Boaz M, Smetana S, Weinstein T, et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;356(9237):1213-1218.
  378. Daud ZA, Tubie B, Sheyman M, et al. Vitamin E tocotrienol supplementation improves lipid profiles in chronic hemodialysis patients. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2013;9:747-761.
  379. Himmelfarb J, Ikizler TA, Ellis C, et al. Provision of antioxidant therapy in hemodialysis (PATH): a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(3):623-633.
  380. Hodkova M, Dusilova-Sulkova S, Kalousova M, et al. Influence of oral vitamin E therapy on micro-inflammation and cardio-vascular disease markers in chronic hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2006;28(5):395-399.
  381. Mann JF, Lonn EM, Yi Q, et al. Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular outcomes in people with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency: results of the HOPE study. Kidney Int. 2004;65(4):1375-1380.
  382. Ramos LF, Kane J, McMonagle E, et al. Effects of combination tocopherols and alpha lipoic acid therapy on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(3):211-218.
  383. Harshman SG, Saltzman E, Booth SL. Vitamin K: dietary intake and requirements in different clinical conditions. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014;17(6):531-538.
  384. Card DJ, Gorska R, Cutler J, Harrington DJ. Vitamin K metabolism: current knowledge and future research. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014;58(8):1590-1600.
  385. Institute of Medicine (IOM) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chro-mium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2001.
  386. Shearer MJ, Newman P. Recent trends in the metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K with special reference to vitamin K cycling and MK-4 biosynthesis. J Lipid Res. 2014;55(3): 345-362.
  387. Fusaro M, D'Alessandro C, Noale M, et al. Low vitamin K1 intake in haemodialysis patients. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(2):601-607.
  388. Pineo GF, Gallus AS, Hirsh J. Unexpected vitamin K deficiency in hospitalized patients. Can Med Assoc J. 1973;109(9):880-883.
  389. Williams KJ, Bax RP, Brown H, Machin SJ. Antibiotic treatment and associated prolonged prothrombin time. J Clin Pathol. 1991;44(9):738-741.
  390. Cheung CL, Sahni S, Cheung BM, et al. Vitamin K intake and mortality in people with chronic kidney disease from NHANES III. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(2):235-240.
  391. Thamratnopkoon S, Susantitaphong P, Tumkosit M, et al. Correlations of plasma desphosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein with vascular calcification and vascular stiffness in chronic kidney disease. Nephron. 2017;135(3):167-172.
  392. Westenfeld R, Krueger T, Schlieper G, et al. Effectofvitamin K2 supplementation on functional vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(2):186-195.
  393. Holden RM, Booth SL, Day AG, et al. Inhibiting the progression of arterial calcification with vitamin K in hemodialysis patients (iPACK-HD) trial: rationale and study design for a randomized trial of vitamin K in patients with end stage kidney disease. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2015;2:17.
  394. Krueger T, Schlieper G, Schurgers L, et al. Vitamin K1 to slow vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients (VitaVasK trial): a rationale and study protocol. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(9): 1633-1638.
  395. De Vriese AS, Caluwe R, Pyfferoen L, et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of vitamin K antagonist replacement by rivaroxaban with or without vitamin K2 in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation: the Valkyrie Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(1): 186-196.
  396. Chen B, Lamberts LV, Behets GJ, et al. Selenium, lead, and cadmium levels in renal failure patients in China. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009;131(1):1-12.
  397. Chen J, Peng H, Zhang K, et al. The insufficiency intake of dietary micronutrients associated with malnutrition-inflammation score in hemodialysis population. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66841.
  398. Fujishima Y, Ohsawa M, Itai K, et al. Serum selenium levels are inversely associated with death risk among hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(10):3331-3338.
  399. Marti del Moral L, Agil A, Navarro-Alarcon M, Lopez-Ga de la Serrana H, Palomares-Bayo M, Oliveras-Lopez MJ. Altered serum selenium and uric acid levels and dyslipidemia in hemodialysis patients could be associated with enhanced cardiovascular risk. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;144(1-3):496-503.
  400. Prasad AS. Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43(5):370-377.
  401. Foster M, Samman S. Zinc and regulation of inflammatory cytokines: implications for cardiometabolic disease. Nutrients. 2012;4(7):676-694.
  402. Prasad AS. Zinc is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent: its role in human health. Front Nutr. 2014;1:14.
  403. Shen H, Oesterling E, Stromberg A, Toborek M, MacDonald R, Hennig B. Zinc deficiency induces vascular pro-inflammatory parameters associated with NF-kappaB and PPAR signaling. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(5):577-587.
  404. Cooper-Capetini V, de Vasconcelos DAA, Martins AR, et al. Zinc supplementation improves glucose homeostasis in high fat-fed mice by enhancing pancreatic beta-cell function. Nutrients. 2017;9(10):1150.
  405. Ott ES, Shay NF. Zinc deficiency reduces leptin gene expression and leptin secretion in rat adipocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001;226(9):841-846.
  406. Bozalioglu S, Ozkan Y, Turan M, Simsek B. Prevalence of zinc deficiency and immune response in short-term hemodialysis. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2005;18(3):243-249.
  407. Hsieh YY, Shen WS, Lee LY, Wu TL, Ning HC, Sun CF. Long-term changes in trace elements in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006;109(2):115-121.
  408. Kiziltas H, Ekin S, Erkoc R. Trace element status of chronic renal patients undergoing hemodialysis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008;124(2):103-109.
  409. KoenigJS,FischerM,BulantE,TiranB,ElmadfaI,DrumlW. Antioxidant status in patients on chronic hemodialysis therapy: impact of parenteral selenium supplementation. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1997;109(1):13-19.
  410. Stockler-Pinto MB, Lobo J, Moraes C, et al. Effect of Brazil nut supplementation on plasma levels of selenium in hemodialysis patients: 12 months of follow-up. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(4):434-439.
  411. Temple KA, Smith AM, Cockram DB. Selenate-supplemented nutritional formula increases plasma selenium in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2000;10(1):16-23.
  412. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Thompson S, et al. Trace element supplementation in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nephrol. 2015;16:52.
  413. Salehi M, Sohrabi Z, Ekramzadeh M, et al. Selenium supplementation improves the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(3):716-723.
  414. Adamowicz A, Trafikowska U, Trafikowska A, Zachara B, Manitius J. Effect of erythropoietin therapy and selenium supple-mentation on selected antioxidant parameters in blood of uremic patients on long-term hemodialysis. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8(3): CR202-CR205.
  415. Argani H, Mahdavi R, Ghorbani-haghjo A, Razzaghi R, Nikniaz L, Gaemmaghami SJ. Effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc and leptin levels, BMI, and body composition in hemodialysis patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2014;28(1):35-38.
  416. Guo CH, Chen PC, Hsu GS, Wang CL. Zinc supplementation alters plasma aluminum and selenium status of patients undergoing dialysis: a pilot study. Nutrients. 2013;5(4):1456-1470.
  417. Jern NA,VanBeber AD, Gorman MA, Weber CG, Liepa GU, Cochran CC. The effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc concentration and protein catabolic rate in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2000;10(3):148-153.
  418. ChevalierCA, LiepaG, Murphy MD, et al. The effects ofzinc supplementation on serum zinc and cholesterol concentrations in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2002;12(3):183-189.
  419. Rahimi-Ardabili B, Argani H, Ghorbanihaghjo A, et al. Paraoxonase enzyme activity is enhanced by zinc supplementation in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2012;34(9):1123-1128.
  420. Roozbeh J, Hedayati P, Sagheb MM, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels in zinc-deficient hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2009;31(9):798-801.
  421. Pakfetrat M, Malekmakan L, Hasheminasab M. Diminished selenium levels in hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory perito-neal dialysis patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;137(3):335-339.
  422. Guo CH, Wang CL. Effects of zinc supplementation on plasma copper/zinc ratios, oxidative stress, and immunological status in hemodialysis patients. Int J Med Sci. 2013;10(1):79-89.
  423. Mazani M, Argani H, Rashtchizadeh N, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(3):180-184.
  424. Zachara BA, Adamowicz A, Trafikowska U, Trafikowska A, Manitius J, Nartowicz E. Selenium and glutathione levels, and glutathione peroxidase activities in blood components of uremic patients on hemodialysis supplemented with selenium and treated with erythropoietin. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2001;15(4):201-208.
  425. Nagraj SK, Naresh S, Srinivas K, et al. Interventions for the management of taste disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;11:CD010470.
  426. de Brito-Ashurst I, Varagunam M, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(9):2075-2084.
  427. Szeto CC, Wong TY, Chow KM, Leung CB, Li PK. Oral sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of metabolic acidosis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized placebo-control trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(8):2119-2126.
  428. Kooman JP, Deutz NE, Zijlmans P, et al. The influence of bicarbonate supplementation on plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in haemodialysis patients with metabolic acidosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12(11):2397-2401.
  429. Movilli E, Zani R, Carli O, et al. Correction of metabolic acidosis increases serum albumin concentrations and decreases kinetically evaluated protein intake in haemodialysis patients: a prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(7):1719-1722.
  430. Verove C, Maisonneuve N, El Azouzi A, Boldron A, Azar R. Effect of the correction of metabolic acidosis on nutritional status in elderly patients with chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr. 2002;12(4): 224-228.
  431. Banerjee T, Crews DC, Wesson DE, et al. High dietary acid load predicts ESRD among adults with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(7):1693-1700.
  432. Scialla JJ, Appel LJ, Astor BC, et al. Net endogenous acid production is associated with a faster decline in GFR in African Americans. Kidney Int. 2012;82(1):106-112.
  433. Kanda E, Ai M, Kuriyama R, Yoshida M, Shiigai T. Dietary acid intake and kidney disease progression in the elderly. Am J Nephrol. 2014;39(2):145-152.
  434. Melamed ML, Horwitz EJ, Dobre MA, et al. Effects of sodium bicarbonate in CKD stages 3 and 4: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;75(2): 225-234.
  435. Yamamoto T, Shoji S, Yamakawa T, et al. Predialysis and postdialysis pH and bicarbonate and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in long-term hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(3):469-478.
  436. Bommer J, Locatelli F, Satayathum S, et al. Association of predialysis serum bicarbonate levels with risk of mortality and hospitalization in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44(4):661-671.
  437. Gennari FJ, Hood VL, Greene T, Wang X, Levey AS. Effect of dietary protein intake on serum total CO2 concentration in chronic kidney disease: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study findings. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(1):52-57.
  438. Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, et al. Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2007;71(1):31-38.
  439. Sigrist MK, Taal MW, Bungay P, McIntyre CW. Progressive vascular calcification over 2 years is associated with arterial stiffening and increased mortality in patients with stages 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(6):1241-1248.
  440. Hirukawa T, Kakuta T, Nakamura M, Fukagawa M. Mineral and bone disorders in kidney transplant recipients: reversible, irre-versible, and de novo abnormalities. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2015;19(4): 543-555.
  441. Martinez I, Saracho R, Montenegro J, Llach F. The importance of dietary calcium and phosphorous in the secondary hyper-parathyroidism of patients with early renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29(4):496-502.
  442. Spiegel DM, Brady K. Calcium balance in normal individuals and in patients with chronic kidney disease on low- and high-calcium diets. Kidney Int. 2012;81(11):1116-1122.
  443. Hill KM, Martin BR, Wastney ME, et al. Oral calcium carbonate affects calcium but not phosphorus balance in stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013;83(5):959-966.
  444. Bushinsky DA. Contribution of intestine, bone, kidney, and dialysis to extracellular fluid calcium content. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(suppl 1):S12-S22.
  445. Gotch F, Levin NW, Kotanko P. Calcium balance in dialysis is best managed by adjusting dialysate calcium guided by kinetic modeling of the interrelationship between calcium intake, dose of vitamin D analogues and the dialysate calcium concentration. Blood Purif. 2010;29(2):163-176.
  446. London GM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Metivier F, Pannier B, Adda H. Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(9):1731-1740.
  447. KDIGO Workgroup. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2009;113:S1-S130.
  448. Gallieni M, Caputo F, Filippini A, et al. Prevalence and progression of cardiovascular calcifications in peritoneal dialysis patients: a prospective study. Bone. 2012;51(3):332-337.
  449. Coen G, Pierantozzi A, Spizzichino D, et al. Risk factors of one year increment of coronary calcifications and survival in hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol. 2010;11:10.
  450. Floege J, Kim J, Ireland E, et al. Serum iPTH, calcium and phosphate, and the risk of mortality in a European haemodialysis population. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(6):1948-1955.
  451. Fukagawa M, Kido R, Komaba H, et al. Abnormal mineral metabolism and mortality in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: evidence from marginal structural models used to adjust for time-dependent confounding. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63(6):979-987.
  452. Markaki A, Kyriazis J, Stylianou K, et al. The role of serum magnesium and calcium on the association between adiponectin levels and all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease patients. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52350.
  453. Brunelli SM, Sibbel S, Do TP, Cooper K, Bradbury BD. Facility dialysate calcium practices and clinical outcomes among patients receiving hemodialysis: a retrospective observational study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(4):655-665.
  454. Pun PH, Horton JR, Middleton JP. Dialysate calcium concentration and the risk of sudden cardiac arrest in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(5):797-803.
  455. Moranne O, Froissart M, Rossert J, et al. Timing of onset of CKD-related metabolic complications. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(1):164-171.
  456. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: a national study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31(4):607-617.
  457. Blayney MJ, Tentori F. Trends and consequences of mineral bone disorder in haemodialysis patients: lessons from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). J Ren Care. 2009;35(suppl 1):7-13.
  458. Isakova T, Nickolas TL, Denburg M, et al. KDOQI US Commentary on the 2017 KDIGO clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(6):737-751.
  459. Ketteler M, Block GA, Evenepoel P, et al. Executive summary of the 2017 KDIGO chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) guideline update: what's changed and why it matters. Kidney Int. 2017;92(1):26-36.
  460. Institute of Medicine (IOM) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation ofDietaryReference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 199.
  461. Benini O, D'Alessandro C, Gianfaldoni D, Cupisti A. Extraphosphate load from food additives in commonly eaten foods: a real and insidious danger for renal patients. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(4):303-308.
  462. Parpia AS, L'Abbe M, Goldstein M, Arcand J, Magnuson B, Darling P. The impact of additives on the phosphorus, potassium, and sodium content of commonly consumed meat, poultry, and fish products among patients with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2018;28(2):83-90.
  463. Sherman RA, Mehta O. Phosphorus and potassium content of enhanced meat and poultry products: implications for patients who receive dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(8):1370-1373.
  464. Caldeira D, Amaral T, David C, Sampaio C. Educational strategies to reduce serum phosphorus in hyperphosphatemic patients with chronic kidney disease: systematic review with metaanalysis. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(4):285-294.
  465. Sullivan C, Sayre SS, Leon JB, et al. Effect of food additives on hyperphosphatemia among patients with end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(6):629-635.
  466. Selamet U, Tighiouart H, Sarnak MJ, et al. Relationship of dietary phosphate intake with risk of end-stage renal disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease stages 3-5: the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int. 2016;89(1):176-184.
  467. Kawasaki T, Maeda Y, Matsuki H, Matsumoto Y, Akazawa M, Kuyama T. Urinary phosphorus excretion per creatinine clearance as a prognostic marker for progression of chronic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2015;16:116.
  468. Zoccali C, Ruggenenti P, Perna A, et al. Phosphate may promote CKD progression and attenuate renoprotective effect of ACE inhibition. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(10):1923-1930.
  469. Di Iorio BR, Bellizzi V, Bellasi A, et al. Phosphate attenuates the anti-proteinuric effect of very low-protein diet in CKD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(3):632-640.
  470. Murtaugh MA, Filipowicz R, Baird BC, Wei G, Greene T, Beddhu S. Dietary phosphorus intake and mortality in moderate chronic kidney disease: NHANES III. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(3):990-996.
  471. Palomino HL, Rifkin DE, Anderson C, Criqui MH, Whooley MA, Ix JH. 24-Hour urine phosphorus excretion and mortality and cardiovascular events. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(7): 1202-1210.
  472. Noori N, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP, Bross R, Benner D, Kopple JD. Association of dietary phosphorus intake and phosphorus to protein ratio with mortality in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(4):683-692.
  473. Lynch KE, Lynch R, Curhan GC, Brunelli SM. Prescribed dietary phosphate restriction and survival among hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(3):620-629.
  474. Sakhaee K. Post-renal transplantation hypophosphatemia. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(2):213-220.
  475. Tomida K, Hamano T, Ichimaru N, et al. Dialysis vintage and parathyroid hormone level, not fibroblast growth factor-23, determines chronic-phase phosphate wasting after renal trans-plantation. Bone. 2012;51(4):729-736.
  476. Trombetti A, Richert L, Hadaya K, et al. Early posttransplantation hypophosphatemia is associated with elevated FGF-23 levels. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164(5):839-847.
  477. Ambuhl PM, Meier D, Wolf B, Dydak U, Boesiger P, Binswanger U. Metabolic aspects of phosphate replacement therapy for hypophosphatemia after renal transplantation: impact on muscular phosphate content, mineral metabolism, and acid/base homeostasis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;34(5):875-883.
  478. Rufino M, de Bonis E, Martin M, et al. Is it possible to control hyperphosphataemia with diet, without inducing protein malnutrition? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(suppl 3):65-67.
  479. Shinaberger CS, Greenland S, Kopple JD, et al. Is controlling phosphorus by decreasing dietary protein intake beneficial or harmful in persons with chronic kidney disease? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(6):1511-1518.
  480. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Pompeii ML, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Sevick MA. Reexamining the phosphorus-protein dilemma: does phosphorus restriction compromise protein status? J Ren Nutr. 2016;26(3):136-140.
  481. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Gutekunst L, Mehrotra R, et al. Understanding sources of dietary phosphorus in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(3): 519-530.
  482. Gutierrez OM. Sodium- and phosphorus-based food additives: persistent but surmountable hurdles in the management of nutrition in chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20(2):150-156.
  483. Karalis M, Murphy-Gutekunst L. Patient education. Enhanced foods: hidden phosphorus and sodium in foods commonly eaten. J Ren Nutr. 2006;16(1):79-81.
  484. Barril-Cuadrado G, Puchulu MB, Sanchez-Tomero JA. Table showing dietary phosphorus/protein ratio for the Spanish population. Usefulness in chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia. 2013;33(3):362-371.
  485. Cupisti A, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Management of natural and added dietary phosphorus burden in kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2013;33(2):180-190.
  486. Cupisti A, Morelli E, D'Alessandro C, Lupetti S, Barsotti G. Phosphate control in chronic uremia: don't forget diet. J Nephrol. 2003;16(1):29-33.
  487. Ando S, Sakuma M, Morimoto Y, Arai H. The effect of various boiling conditions on reduction of phosphorus and protein in meat. J Ren Nutr. 2015;25(6):504-509.
  488. Cupisti A, Comar F, Benini O, et al. Effect of boiling on dietary phosphate and nitrogen intake. J Ren Nutr. 2006;16(1):36-40.
  489. Bethke PC, Jansky SH. The effects of boiling and leaching on the content of potassium and other minerals in potatoes. J Food Sci. 2008;73(5):H80-H85.
  490. Noori N, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP, et al. Dietary potassium intake and mortalityin long-term hemodialysispatients.Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56(2):338-347.
  491. He J, Mills KT, Appel LJ, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and CKD progression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(4): 1202-1212.
  492. Leonberg-Yoo AK, Tighiouart H, Levey AS, Beck GJ, Sarnak MJ. Urine potassium excretion, kidney failure, and mortality in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(3):341-349.
  493. Arnold R, Pianta TJ, Pussell BA, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of the effect of dietary potassium restriction on nerve function in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(10):1569-1577.
  494. Alvestrand A, Wahren J, Smith D, DeFronzo RA. Insulin-mediated potassium uptake is normal in uremic and healthy subjects. Am J Physiol. 1984;246(2, pt 1):E174-E180.
  495. Hayes Jr CP, McLeod ME, Robinson RR. An extravenal mechanism for the maintenance of potassium balance in severe chronicrenal failure. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1967;80:207-216.
  496. Sterns RH, Feig PU, Pring M, Guzzo J, Singer I. Disposition of intravenous potassium in anuric man: a kinetic analysis. Kidney Int. 1979;15(6):651-660.
  497. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Sodium surfeit and potassium deficit: keys to the pathogenesis of hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8(3):203-213.
  498. Cupisti A, Kovesdy CP, D'Alessandro C, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Dietary approach to recurrent or chronic hyperkalaemia in patients with decreased kidney function. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):261.
  499. Burrowes JD, Ramer NJ. Removal of potassium from tuberous root vegetables by leaching. J Ren Nutr. 2006;16(4):304-311.
  500. Burrowes JD, Ramer NJ. Changes in potassium content of different potato varieties after cooking. J Ren Nutr. 2008;18(6):530-534.
  501. Geerling JC, Loewy AD. Central regulation of sodium appetite. Exp Physiol. 2008;93(2):177-209.
  502. Schweda F. Salt feedback on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Pflugers Arch. 2015;467(3):565-576.
  503. Kotchen TA, Cowley Jr AW, Frohlich ED. Salt in health and disease-a delicate balance. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(13):1229-1237.
  504. Dinh QN, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Chrissobolis S. Roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction in hypertension. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:406960.
  505. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4: CD004937.
  506. Adler AJ, Taylor F, Martin N, Gottlieb S, Taylor RS, Ebrahim S. Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:CD009217.
  507. de Brito-Ashurst I, Perry L, Sanders TA, et al. The role of salt intake and salt sensitivity in the management of hypertension in South Asian people with chronic kidney disease: a randomised controlled trial. Heart. 2013;99(17):1256-1260.
  508. Konishi Y, Okada N, Okamura M, et al. Sodium sensitivity of blood pressure appearing before hypertension and related to histological damage in immunoglobulin a nephropathy. Hypertension. 2001;38(1):81-85.
  509. McMahon EJ, Bauer JD, Hawley CM, et al. A randomized trial of dietary sodium restriction in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(12):2096-2103.
  510. Slagman MC,Waanders F, Hemmelder MH, et al. Moderate dietary sodium restriction added to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition compared with dual blockade in lowering proteinuria and blood pressure: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;343: d4366.
  511. Vogt L, Waanders F, Boomsma F, de Zeeuw D, Navis G. Effects of dietary sodium and hydrochlorothiazide on the anti-proteinuric efficacy of losartan. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(5):999-1007.
  512. Meuleman Y, Hoekstra T, Dekker FW, et al. Sodium restriction in patients with CKD: a randomized controlled trial of self-management support. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(5):576-586.
  513. Saran R, Padilla RL, Gillespie BW, et al. A randomized crossover trial of dietary sodium restriction in stage 3-4 CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(3):399-407.
  514. Fine A, Fontaine B, Ma M. Commonly prescribed salt intake in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients is too restrictive: results of a double-blind crossover study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8(8):1311-1314.
  515. Liang X, Wang W, Li H. Water and sodium restriction on cardiovascular disease in young chronic hemodialysis patients. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013;126(9):1667-1672.
  516. Rodrigues Telini LS, de Carvalho Beduschi G, Caramori JC, Castro JH, Martin LC, Barretti P. Effect of dietary sodium restriction on body water, blood pressure, and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a prospective randomized controlled study. Int Urol Nephrol. 201 4;46(1) :91-97.
  517. Magden K, Hur E, Yildiz G, et al. The effects of strict salt control on blood pressure and cardiac condition in end-stage renal disease: prospective-study. Ren Fail. 2013;35(10):1344-1347.
  518. Keven K, Yalcin S, Canbakan B, et al. The impact of daily sodium intake on posttransplant hypertension in kidney allograft re-cipients. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(5):1323-1326.
  519. Mc Causland FR,Waikar SS, Brunelli SM. Increased dietary sodium is independently associated with greater mortality among prevalent hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2012;82(2):204-211.
  520. Dong J, Li Y, Yang Z, Luo J. Low dietary sodium intake increases the death risk in peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(2):240-247.
  521. Mills KT, Chen J, Yang W, et al. Sodium excretion and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. JAMA. 2016;315(20):2200-2210.
  522. Koomans HA, Roos JC, Dorhout Mees EJ, Delawi IM. Sodium balance in renal failure. A comparison of patients with normal subjects under extremes of sodium intake. Hypertension. 1985;7(5): 714-721.
  523. McMahon EJ, Campbell KL, Bauer JD, Mudge DW. Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2:CD010070.
  524. Sevick MA, Piraino BM, St-Jules DE, et al. No difference in average interdialytic weight gain observed in a randomized trial with a technology-supported behavioral intervention to reduce dietary sodium intake in adults undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in the United States: primary outcomes of the BalanceWise Study. J Ren Nutr. 2016;26(3):149-158.
  525. Campbell KL, Johnson DW, Bauer JD, et al. A randomized trial of sodium-restriction on kidney function, fluid volume and adipokines in CKD patients. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:57.
  526. Vegter S, Perna A, Postma MJ, Navis G, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P. Sodium intake, ACE inhibition, and progression to ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(1):165-173.
  527. Meuleman Y, Hoekstra T, Dekker FW,van derBoogPJM,van Dijk S. Perceived sodium reduction barriers among patients with chronic kidney disease: which barriers are important and which patients experience barriers? Int J Behav Med. 2018;25(1): 93-102.
  528. McMahon EJ, Campbell KL, Mudge DW, Bauer JD. Achieving salt restriction in chronic kidney disease. Int J Nephrol. 2012;2012:720429.
  529. Titze J. Sodium balance is not just a renal affair. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23(2):101-105.
  530. Juraschek SP, Miller 3rd ER, Weaver CM, Appel LJ. Effects of sodium reduction and the DASH diet in relation to baseline blood pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(23):2841-2848.
  531. Aaron KJ, Sanders PW. Role of dietary salt and potassium intakein cardiovascular health and disease: a review of the evidence. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(9):987-995.

Навигация по статьям
<< Предыдущая
Следующая >>
Разделы журнала
Наиболее читаемые статьи

Икизлер Т. Альп, Берроуз Джеррилинн Д., Байхем-Грей Лаура Д. и соавт.,  Клинические практические Рекомендации по питанию при ХБП KDOQI: в редакции 2020 г  1396

Фролова Н.Ф., Томилина Н.А., Лосс К.Э. и соавт.,  Опыт применения терапевтического плазмообмена при тяжелом течении COVID-19 у больных с почечной недостаточностью  861

Тезисы конкурса молодых нефрологов в рамках XVII Общероссийской конференции РДО

Журнал "Нефрология и диализ"
Главная
Последний номер
Архив номеров
Подписка
Контакты