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Том 21 №4 2019 год - Нефрология и диализ

Тромботическая микроангиопатия после трансплантации почки: что скрывается за морфологической картиной? Обзор литературы


Прокопенко Е.И.

DOI: 10.28996/2618-9801-2019-4-404-418

Аннотация: Тромботическая микроангиопатия (ТМА) ренального трансплантата - это клинико-морфологический феномен, характеризующийся специфическим повреждением гломерулярных капилляров и артерий среднего и малого калибра в виде отека эндотелиальных клеток, расширения субэндотелиального пространства с резким сужением просвета сосудов, в ряде случаев - с наличием тромбов. При хроническом течении ТМА формируется морфологическая картина "луковичной шелухи". ТМА трансплантированной почки развивается de novo или как возвратная патология, может быть системной или локализованной в трансплантате, но во всех случаях оказывает неблагоприятное влияние на выживаемость реципиентов и трансплантатов. Для подтверждения ТМА ренального трансплантата необходимо морфологическое исследование, однако нефробиопсия не всегда помогает установить этиологию ТМА. Наиболее частыми причинами de novo ТМА являются токсичность ингибиторов кальцинейрина и антитело-опосредованное отторжение трансплантата, а возвратной ТМА - рецидив атипичного гемолитико-уремического синдрома (аГУС). Мутации генов, ответственных за синтез белков-регуляторов комплемента, играют важную роль не только при рецидиве аГУС после трансплантации почки (ТП), но и в немалой части случаев de novo ТМА. Для лечения de novo ТМА применяется устранение причины ее развития, а также проведение плазмообмена с введением внутривенного иммуноглобулина. В отдельных случаях de novo ТМА с чрезмерной активацией системы комплемента, резистентных к стандартной терапии, целесообразно применение комплемент-блокирующей терапии. При возвратном аГУС после ТП у всех больных препаратом первой линии является экулизумаб. Если у пациента установлен диагноз аГУС и выявлен с помощью генетического тестирования и оценки особенностей течения заболевания высокий риск рецидива после ТП, необходима профилактика возврата заболевания - использование "режима защиты эндотелия" и экулизумаба. В целом проблема ТМА после ТП требует дальнейшего изучения с разработкой надежных предикторов ее развития в трансплантате и новых подходов к профилактике и лечению.

Для цитирования: Прокопенко Е.И. Тромботическая микроангиопатия после трансплантации почки: что скрывается за морфологической картиной? Обзор литературы. Нефрология и диализ. 2019. 21(4):404-418. doi: 10.28996/2618-9801-2019-4-404-418

Весь текст



Ключевые слова: трансплантация почки, тромботическая микроангиопатия, токсичность ингибиторов кальцинейрина, антитело-опосредованное отторжение, активация комплемента, атипичный гемолитико-уремический синдром, плазмообмен, экулизумаб, kidney transplantation, thrombotic microangiopathy, CNI-toxicity, antibody-mediated rejection, complement activation, atypical HUS, plasma exchange, eculizumab

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