Регистрация
Расширенный поиск
RU EN
Главная
Последний номер
Архив номеров
Подписка
Контакты
Российское диализное общество

Просмотр статьи

<< Вернуться к списку статей журнала

Том 16 №4 - Приложение 2014 год - Нефрология и диализ

Клинические Практические Рекомендации KDIGO по Острому Почечному Повреждению


Аннотация: Kidney International supplements Volume 2/issue 1/March 2012 http://www.kidney-international.org Перевод А.М. Андрусева и Е.С. Камышовой под редакцией Е.В. Захаровой Перевод выполнен по инициативе Российского Диализного Общества при поддержке Нефрологического Экспертного Совета и одобрен KGIGO Все права принадлежат KDIGO Воспроизведение возможно только с разрешения KDIGO и РДО Предисловие к русскому переводу Уважаемые коллеги! Мы представляем Вашему вниманию полный перевод рекомендаций KDIGO по Острому Почечному Повреждению (ОПП), выполненный по инициативе РДО при поддержке НЭС и одобренный KDIGO. Перевод основных положений Рекомендаций по ОПП был опубликован отдельной брошюрой, включавшей также перевод основных положений Рекомендаций по Гломерулонефритам и Анемии и параллельные английские тексты и выпущенной специально к семинару Дни нефрологии в Санкт-Петербурге 2012. Кроме того, перевод основных положений Рекомендаций по ОПП опубликован также в журнале «Нефрология и Диализ» (Нефрология и Диализ, 2012, Том 14, номер 2, стр. 86-94). К настоящему времени в журнале «Нефрология и Диализ» опубликованы полные переводы Рекомендаций по Анемии (Нефрология и Диализ, 2013, Том 15, номер 1, стр. 14-53) и Рекомендаций по Гломерулонефритам (Нефрология и Диализ, 2014, Том 16, номер 1, Приложение). Переводы Рекомендаций KDIGO, выпущенных в 2013 г., находятся в процессе подготовки к печати. Все переводы осуществляются по инициативе Российского Диализного Общества и одобрены Исполнительным Комитетом KDIGO Все права принадлежат KDIGO Все опубликованные к настоящему времени переводы Вы можете найти на сайтах РДО, KDIGO и ISN Е.В. Захарова Член Исполнительного Комитета KDIGO Заместитель председателя РДО Заместитель главного редактора журнала «Нефрология и Диализ» Цель Клинических Практических Рекомендации KDIGO 2011 года по Острому Почечному Повреждению - помочь практикующим врачам в лечении взрослых пациентов и детей с риском острого почечного повреждения (ОПП), включая контраст-индуцированное повреждение (КИ-ОПП). Рекомендации содержат главы, посвященные определению, оценке риска развития, диагностике, профилактике и лечению ОПП. Определение и классификация ОПП базируются на критериях RIFLE и AKIN, и исследованиях взаимосвязанных рисков развития острого почечного повреждения. Главы, посвященные лечению, охватывают фармакотерапевтические подходы к предотвращению и лечению, а также к проведению заместительной почечной терапии ОПП. Рекомендации разработаны на основе систематического анализа и оценки наиболее представительных клинических исследований. Оценки качества доказательств и силы рекомендаций даны в соответствии с определенной градацией по системе присвоения степеней GRADE. Обсуждаются ограничения доказательств и высказываются соответствующие предложения для проведения будущих исследований.

Для цитирования: Клинические Практические Рекомендации KDIGO по Острому Почечному Повреждению. Нефрология и диализ. 2014. 16(4):1-155. doi:

Весь текст



Ключевые слова: Clinical Practice Guideline, KDIGO, acute kidney injury, contrast-induced nephropathy, renal replacement therapy, evidence-based recommendation, Практические Клинические Рекомендации, KDIGO, острое почечное повреждение, контраст-индуцированная нефропатия, заместительная почечная терапия, рекомендации, основанные на доказательствах

Список литературы:
  1. Chertow GM, Burdick E, Honour M, et al. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 3365-3370.
  2. Hoste EA, Clermont G, Kersten A, et al. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit Care 2006; 10: R73.
  3. Lassnigg A, Schmidlin D, Mouhieddine M, et al. Minimal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 1597-1605.
  4. Levy EM, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. A cohort analysis. JAMA 1996; 275: 1489-1494.
  5. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, et al. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1913-1917.
  6. Hoste EA, Kellum JA. Acute renal failure in the critically ill: impact on morbidity and mortality. Contrib Nephrol 2004; 144: 1-11.
  7. Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005; 294: 813-818.
  8. Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Bellomo R. Urinary biochemistry and microscopy in septic acute renal failure: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: 695-705.
  9. Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Wan L, et al. A systematic review of urinary findings in experimental septic acute renal failure. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 1592-1598.
  10. Shanley PF, Rosen MD, Brezis M, et al. Topography of focal proximal tubular necrosis after ischemia with reflow in the rat kidney. Am J Pathol 1986; 122: 462-468.
  11. Heyman SN, Brezis M, Epstein FH, et al. Effect of glycine and hypertrophy on renal outer medullary hypoxic injury in ischemia reflow and contrast nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 19: 578-586.
  12. Rosen S, Heyman SN. Difficulties in understanding human ‘‘acute tubular necrosis’’: limited data and flawed animal models. Kidney Int 2001; 60: 1220-1224.
  13. Brun C, Munck O. Lesions of the kidney in acute renal failure following shock. Lancet 1957; 272: 603-607.
  14. Klenzak J, Himmelfarb J. Sepsis and the kidney. Crit Care Clin 2005; 21: 211-222.
  15. Lameire N. The pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Crit Care Clin 2005; 21: 197-210.
  16. Eknoyan G. Emergence of the concept of acute renal failure. Am J Nephrol 2002; 22: 225-230.
  17. Davies F, Weldon R. A contribution to the study of ‘‘war nephritis’’. Lancet 1917; ii: 118-120.
  18. Bywaters EGL, Beall D. Crush injuries with impairment of renal function. BMJ 1947; 1: 427-432.
  19. Kellum JA, Levin N, Bouman C, et al. Developing a consensus classification system for acute renal failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8: 509-514.
  20. Brivet FG, Kleinknecht DJ, Loirat P, et al. Acute renal failure in intensive care units-causes, outcome, and prognostic factors of hospital mortality; a prospective, multicenter study. French Study Group on Acute Renal Failure. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 192-198.
  21. Liano F, Pascual J. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 811-818.
  22. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004; 8: R204-212.
  23. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11: R31.
  24. Levy MM, Macias WL, Vincent JL, et al. Early changes in organ function predict eventual survival in severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2194-2201.
  25. Bagshaw SM, George C, Dinu I, et al. A multi-centre evaluation of the RIFLE criteria for early acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1203-1210.
  26. Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Classification of acute kidney injury using RIFLE: What’s the purpose? Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 1983-1984.
  27. Ricci Z, Cruz D, Ronco C. The RIFLE criteria and mortality in acute kidney injury: A systematic review. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 538-546.
  28. Thakar CV, Christianson A, Freyberg R, et al. Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in intensive care units: a Veterans Administration study. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2552-2558.
  29. Joannidis M, Metnitz B, Bauer P, et al. Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients classified by AKIN versus RIFLE using the SAPS 3 database. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 1692-1702.
  30. Ostermann M, Chang RW. Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 1837-1843.
  31. Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W, et al. Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18: 1292-1298.
  32. Akcan-Arikan A, Zappitelli M, Loftis LL, et al. Modified RIFLE criteria in critically ill children with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2007; 71: 1028-1035.
  33. Hackworth LA, Wen X, Clermont G, et al. Hospital versus communityacquired acute kidney injury in the critically ill: differences in epidemiology (abstr). J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 115A.
  34. Cerda J, Bagga A, Kher V, et al. The contrasting characteristics of acute kidney injury in developed and developing countries. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008; 4: 138-153.
  35. Cerda J, Lameire N, Eggers P, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 881-886.
  36. Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: a New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 2001.
  37. Eknoyan G. Are global nephrology guidelines feasible? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008; 4: 521.
  38. Eknoyan G, Lameire N, Barsoum R, et al. The burden of kidney disease: improving global outcomes. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1310-1314.
  39. Levin A, Stevens LA. Executing change in the management of chronic kidney disease: perspectives on guidelines and practice. Med Clin North Am 2005; 89: 701-709.
  40. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004; 328: 1490.
  41. Uhlig K, Macleod A, Craig J, et al. Grading evidence and recommendations for clinical practice guidelines in nephrology. A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2006; 70: 2058-2065.
  42. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39 (2 Suppl 1): S1-266.
  43. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005; 67: 2089-2100.
  44. Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, et al. The definition, classification and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int 2011; 80: 17-28.
  45. Murray PT, Devarajan P, Levey AS, et al. A framework and key research questions in AKI diagnosis and staging in different environments. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 864-868.
  46. Endre ZH. Acute kidney injury: definitions and new paradigms. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2008; 15: 213-221.
  47. Amdur RL, Chawla LS, Amodeo S, et al. Outcomes following diagnosis of acute renal failure in U.S. veterans: focus on acute tubular necrosis. Kidney Int 2009; 76: 1089-1097.
  48. Coca SG, Yusuf B, Shlipak MG, et al. Long-term risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 961-973.
  49. Wald R, Quinn RR, Luo J, et al. Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. JAMA 2009; 302: 1179-1185.
  50. Harel Z, Chan CT. Predicting and preventing acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2008; 17: 624-628.
  51. Reddy VG. Prevention of postoperative acute renal failure. J Postgrad Med 2002; 48: 64-70.
  52. Venkataraman R. Can we prevent acute kidney injury? Crit Care Med 2008; 36: S166-171.
  53. Stewart J, Findlay G, Smith N, et al. Adding Insult to Injury: A review of the care of patients who died in hospital with a primary diagnosis of acute kidney injury (acute renal failure). National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death: London, UK, 2009.
  54. Bell M, Liljestam E, Granath F, et al. Optimal follow-up time after continuous renal replacement therapy in actual renal failure patients stratified with the RIFLE criteria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 354-360.
  55. Cruz DN, Bolgan I, Perazella MA, et al. North East Italian Prospective Hospital Renal Outcome Survey on Acute Kidney Injury (NEiPHROSAKI): targeting the problem with the RIFLE Criteria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 418-425.
  56. Perez-Valdivieso JR, Bes-Rastrollo M, Monedero P, et al. Prognosis and serum creatinine levels in acute renal failure at the time of nephrology consultation: an observational cohort study. BMC Nephrol 2007; 8: 14.
  57. Kuitunen A, Vento A, Suojaranta-Ylinen R, et al. Acute renal failure after cardiac surgery: evaluation of the RIFLE classification. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81: 542-546.
  58. Coca SG, Bauling P, Schifftner T, et al. Contribution of acute kidney injury toward morbidity and mortality in burns: a contemporary analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49: 517-523.
  59. Arnaoutakis GJ, Bihorac A, Martin TD, et al. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury in aortic arch surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 134: 1554-1560; discussion 1560-1551.
  60. Abosaif NY, Tolba YA, Heap M, et al. The outcome of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE: model application, sensitivity, and predictability. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 1038-1048.
  61. Maccariello E, Soares M, Valente C, et al. RIFLE classification in patients with acute kidney injury in need of renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 597-605.
  62. Jenq CC, Tsai MH, Tian YC, et al. RIFLE classification can predict shortterm prognosis in critically ill cirrhotic patients. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 1921-1930.
  63. Tallgren M, Niemi T, Poyhia R, et al. Acute renal injury and dysfunction following elective abdominal aortic surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33: 550-555.
  64. Zavada J, Hoste E, Cartin-Ceba R, et al. A comparison of three methods to estimate baseline creatinine for RIFLE classification. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 3911-3918.
  65. Macedo E, Bouchard J, Soroko SH, et al. Fluid accumulation, recognition and staging of acute kidney injury in critically-ill patients. Crit Care 2010; 14: R82.
  66. Doi K, Yuen PS, Eisner C, et al. Reduced production of creatinine limits its use as marker of kidney injury in sepsis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1217-1221.
  67. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, et al. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 247-254.
  68. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Feldman HI, et al. Evaluation of the modification of diet in renal disease study equation in a large diverse population. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18: 2749-2757.
  69. Emamian SA, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, et al. Kidney dimensions at sonography: correlation with age, sex, and habitus in 665 adult volunteers. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160: 83-86.
  70. Bellomo R, Wan L, May CN. Vasoactive drugs and acute renal failure. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J (eds). Critical Care Nephrology, 2nd Edn. Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, 2009, pp 416-419.
  71. Bouchard J, Mehta RL. Fluid balance issues in the critically ill patient. In: Ronco C, Costanzo MR, Bellomo R, Maisel A (eds). Fluid Overload: Diagnosis and Management. S Karger AG: Basel, Switzerland, 2010, pp 69-78.
  72. Finfer S, Jones DA. Crystalloids and colloids. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J (eds). Critical Care Nephrology, 2nd Edn. Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, 2009, pp 571-575.
  73. Holmes CL, Walley KR. Shock. In: Murray PT, Brady HR, Hall JB (eds). Intensive Care in Nephrology. Taylor & Francis: New York, NY, 2006, pp 1-18.
  74. Levine JS, Iglesias JI. Diuretic use and fluid management. In: Murray PT, Brady HR, Hall JB (eds). Intensive Care in Nephrology. Taylor & Francis: New York, NY, 2006, pp 315-337.
  75. McDermott G, Neligan PJ. What vasopressor agent should be used in the septic patient? In: Deutschman CS, Neligan PJ (eds). Evidence-Based Practice of Critical Care. Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, 2010, pp 206-211.
  76. Neligan PJ, Fanning N. What is the best way to fluid-resuscitate a patient with sepsis? In: Deutschman CS, Neligan PJ (eds). Evidence-Based Practice of Critical Care. Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, 2010, pp 198-205.
  77. Polanco PM, Pinsky MR. Hemodynamic monitoring in the intensive care unit. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J (eds). Critical Care Nephrology, 2nd Edn. Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, 2009, pp 37-45.
  78. Prowle JR, Bellomo R. Continuous renal replacement therapy: recent advances and future research. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6: 521-529.
  79. Schetz M. Assessment of volume status. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J (eds). Critical Care Nephrology, 2nd Edn. Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, 2009, pp 499-504.
  80. Venkataraman R, Kellum JA. Principles of fluid therapy. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J (eds). Critical Care Nephrology, 2nd Edn. Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, 2009, pp 568-571.
  81. Wajanaponsan N, Pinsky MR. Monitoring and management of systemic hemodyamics. In: Jorres A, Ronco C, Kellum JA (eds). Management of Acute Kidney Problems, 1st Edn. Springer: New York, NY, 2010, pp 147-154.
  82. Himmelfarb J, Joannidis M, Molitoris B, et al. Evaluation and initial management of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 962-967.
  83. Bouchard J, Soroko SB, Chertow GM, et al. Fluid accumulation, survival and recovery of kidney function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2009; 76: 422-427.
  84. Payen D, de Pont AC, Sakr Y, et al. A positive fluid balance is associated with a worse outcome in patients with acute renal failure. Crit Care 2008; 12: R74.
  85. Vincent JL. Relevance of albumin in modern critical care medicine. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009; 23: 183-191.
  86. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2247-2256.
  87. Ertmer C, Rehberg S, Van Aken H, et al. Relevance of non-albumin colloids in intensive care medicine. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009; 23: 193-212.
  88. McMahon BA, Murray PT. Urinary liver fatty acid-binding protein: another novel biomarker of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2010; 77: 657-659.
  89. Dickenmann M, Oettl T, Mihatsch MJ. Osmotic nephrosis: acute kidney injury with accumulation of proximal tubular lysosomes due to administration of exogenous solutes. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51: 491-503.
  90. de Saint-Aurin RG, Kloeckner M, Annane D. Crystalloids versus colloids for fluid resuscitation in critically-ill patients. Acta Clin Belg Suppl 2007: 412-416.
  91. Vincent JL. Fluid resuscitation: colloids vs crystalloids. Acta Clin Belg Suppl 2007: 408-411.
  92. Schortgen F, Lacherade JC, Bruneel F, et al. Effects of hydroxyethylstarch and gelatin on renal function in severe sepsis: a multicentre randomised study. Lancet 2001; 357: 911-916.
  93. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl JMed 2008; 358: 125-139.
  94. Eisenbach C, Schonfeld AH, Vogt N, et al. Pharmacodynamics and organ storage of hydroxyethyl starch in acute hemodilution in pigs: influence of molecular weight and degree of substitution. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 1637-1644.
  95. Thomas G, Balk EM, Jaber BL. Effect of intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation on acute kidney injury in severe sepsis. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 52: 13-17.
  96. Wiedermann CJ. Systematic review of randomized clinical trials on the use of hydroxyethyl starch for fluid management in sepsis. BMC Emerg Med 2008; 8: 1.
  97. Sakr Y, Payen D, Reinhart K, et al. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch administration on renal function in critically ill patients. Br J Anaesth 2007; 98: 216-224.
  98. Perel P, Roberts I, Pearson M. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD000567.
  99. Schortgen F, Brochard L. Colloid-induced kidney injury: experimental evidence may help to understand mechanisms. Crit Care 2009; 13: 130.
  100. Magder S, Potter BJ, Varennes BD, et al. Fluids after cardiac surgery: a pilot study of the use of colloids versus crystalloids. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 2117-2124.
  101. Wiedermann CJ, Dunzendorfer S, Gaioni LU, et al. Hyperoncotic colloids and acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 2010; 14: R191.
  102. Prowle JR, Bellomo R. Fluid administration and the kidney. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010; 16: 332-336.
  103. Kaplan LJ, Kellum JA. Fluids, pH, ions and electrolytes. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010; 16: 323-331.
  104. Karlsson S, Varpula M, Ruokonen E, et al. Incidence, treatment, and outcome of severe sepsis in ICU-treated adults in Finland: the Finnsepsis study. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 435-443.
  105. Bellomo R, Wan L, May C. Vasoactive drugs and acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: S179-186.
  106. Redl-Wenzl EM, Armbruster C, Edelmann G, et al. The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock states. Intensive Care Med 1993; 19: 151-154.
  107. Albanese J, Leone M, Delmas A, et al. Terlipressin or norepinephrine in hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 1897-1902.
  108. Lauzier F, Levy B, Lamarre P, et al. Vasopressin or norepinephrine in early hyperdynamic septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 1782-1789.
  109. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 779-789.
  110. Delmas A, Leone M, Rousseau S, et al. Clinical review: Vasopressin and terlipressin in septic shock patients. Crit Care 2005; 9: 212-222.
  111. Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, et al. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 877-887.
  112. Gordon AC, Russell JA, Walley KR, et al. The effects of vasopressin on acute kidney injury in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 83-91.
  113. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 296-327.
  114. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 858-873.
  115. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl JMed 2001; 345: 1368-1377.
  116. Mikkelsen ME, Miltiades AN, Gaieski DF, et al. Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis independent of organ failure and shock. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 1670-1677.
  117. Phua J, Koay ES, Lee KH. Lactate, procalcitonin, and amino-terminal pro- B-type natriuretic peptide versus cytokine measurements and clinical severity scores for prognostication in septic shock. Shock 2008; 29: 328-333.
  118. Jones AE, Focht A, Horton JM, et al. Prospective external validation of the clinical effectiveness of an emergency department-based early goal-directed therapy protocol for severe sepsis and septic shock. Chest 2007; 132: 425-432.
  119. Lin SM, Huang CD, Lin HC, et al. A modified goal-directed protocol improves clinical outcomes in intensive care unit patients with septic shock: a randomized controlled trial. Shock 2006; 26: 551-557.
  120. Nguyen HB, Corbett SW, Menes K, et al. Early goal-directed therapy, corticosteroid, and recombinant human activated protein C for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13: 109-113.
  121. Rhodes A, Bennett ED. Early goal-directed therapy: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: S448-450.
  122. Rivers EP, Coba V, Whitmill M. Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: a contemporary review of the literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 128-140.
  123. Ho BC, Bellomo R, McGain F, et al. The incidence and outcome of septic shock patients in the absence of early-goal directed therapy. Crit Care 2006; 10: R80.
  124. Donati A, Loggi S, Preiser JC, et al. Goal-directed intraoperative therapy reduces morbidity and length of hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 2007; 132: 1817-1824.
  125. Lobo SM, Salgado PF, Castillo VG, et al. Effects of maximizing oxygen delivery on morbidity and mortality in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 3396-3404.
  126. Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB, et al. Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 1988; 94: 1176-1186.
  127. Brienza N, Giglio MT, Marucci M, et al. Does perioperative hemodynamic optimization protect renal function in surgical patients? A meta-analytic study. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2079-2090.
  128. Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P, et al. A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. SvO2 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1025-1032.
  129. Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH, et al. Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1717-1722.
  130. Section VII. Acute renal failure. In: Schrier RW (ed). Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract, 8th Edn, vol. 2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 2007, pp 930-1207.
  131. Part VI. Diagnosis and management of specific disorders. In: Jorres A, Ronco C, Kellum JA (eds). Management of Acute Kidney Problems, 1st Edn. Springer: New York, NY, 2010, pp 269-467.
  132. Murugan R, Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury: what’s the prognosis? Nat Rev Nephrol 2011; 7: 209-217.
  133. Siew ED, Himmelfarb J. Metabolic and nutritional complications of acute kidney injury. In: Himmelfarb J, Sayegh MH (eds). Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation. A Companion to Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney, 3rd Edn: London, UK, 2011, pp 654-667.
  134. Van Cromphaut SJ. Hyperglycaemia as part of the stress response: the underlying mechanisms. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009; 23: 375-386.
  135. Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Goyal A, et al. Relationship between spontaneous and iatrogenic hypoglycemia and mortality in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 2009; 301: 1556-1564.
  136. Kosiborod M, Rathore SS, Inzucchi SE, et al. Admission glucose and mortality in elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: implications for patients with and without recognized diabetes. Circulation 2005; 111: 3078-3086.
  137. Inzucchi SE, Siegel MD. Glucose control in the ICU-how tight is too tight? N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1346-1349.
  138. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359-1367.
  139. Palevsky PM, Murray PT. Acute kidney injury and critical care nephrology. NephSAP 2006; 5(2): 72-120.
  140. Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Kesteloot K, et al. Analysis of healthcare resource utilization with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 612-616.
  141. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 449-461.
  142. Schetz M, Vanhorebeek I, Wouters PJ, et al. Tight blood glucose control is renoprotective in critically ill patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 571-578.
  143. Gandhi GY, Nuttall GA, Abel MD, et al. Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 233-243.
  144. Mangano CM, Diamondstone LS, Ramsay JG, et al. Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization: risk factors, adverse outcomes, and hospital resource utilization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 194-203.
  145. Thomas G, Rojas MC, Epstein SK, et al. Insulin therapy and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 2849-2855.
  146. Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 300: 933-944.
  147. Bellomo R. Does intensive insulin therapy protect renal function in critically ill patients? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008; 4: 412-413.
  148. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1283-1297.
  149. Van den Berghe G, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, et al. Clinical review: Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: NICE-SUGAR or Leuven blood glucose target? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 3163-3170.
  150. Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ 2009; 180: 821-827.
  151. Fiaccadori E, Lombardi M, Leonardi S, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome associated with preexisting malnutrition in acute renal failure: a prospective cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 581-593.
  152. Btaiche IF, Mohammad RA, Alaniz C, et al. Amino Acid requirements in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated with continuous renal replacement therapy. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28: 600-613.
  153. Cano N, Fiaccadori E, Tesinsky P, et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Adult renal failure. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 295-310.
  154. Druml W. Nutritional management of acute renal failure. J Ren Nutr 2005; 15: 63-70.
  155. McClave SA, Hurt RT. Clinical guidelines and nutrition therapy: better understanding and greater application to patient care. Crit Care Clin 2010; 26: 451-466, viii.
  156. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, et al. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33: 277-316.
  157. Fiaccadori E, Regolisti G, Cabassi A. Specific nutritional problems in acute kidney injury, treated with non-dialysis and dialytic modalities. NDT Plus 2010; 3: 1-7.
  158. Basi S, Pupim LB, Simmons EM, et al. Insulin resistance in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289: F259-264.
  159. May RC, Clark AS, Goheer MA, et al. Specific defects in insulin-mediated muscle metabolism in acute uremia. Kidney Int 1985; 28: 490-497.
  160. Cianciaruso B, Bellizzi V, Napoli R, et al. Hepatic uptake and release of glucose, lactate, and amino acids in acutely uremic dogs. Metabolism 1991; 40: 261-269.
  161. Druml W, Mitch WE. Metabolic abnormalities in acute renal failure. Semin Dial 1996; 9: 484-490.
  162. Schneeweiss B, Graninger W, Stockenhuber F, et al. Energy metabolism in acute and chronic renal failure. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 596-601.
  163. Macias WL, Alaka KJ, Murphy MH, et al. Impact of the nutritional regimen on protein catabolism and nitrogen balance in patients with acute renal failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1996; 20: 56-62.
  164. Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Rotelli C, et al. Effects of different energy intakes on nitrogen balance in patients with acute renal failure: a pilot study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1976-1980.
  165. Fiaccadori E, Cremaschi E. Nutritional assessment and support in acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2009; 15: 474-480.
  166. Powell-Tuck J. Nutritional interventions in critical illness. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 66: 16-24.
  167. Scheinkestel CD, Adams F, Mahony L, et al. Impact of increasing parenteral protein loads on amino acid levels and balance in critically ill anuric patients on continuous renal replacement therapy. Nutrition 2003; 19: 733-740.
  168. Bellomo R, Tan HK, Bhonagiri S, et al. High protein intake during continuous hemodiafiltration: impact on amino acids and nitrogen balance. Int J Artif Organs 2002; 25: 261-268.
  169. Druml W. Metabolic aspects of continuous renal replacement therapies. Kidney Int Suppl 1999: S56-61.
  170. Chima CS, Meyer L, Hummell AC, et al. Protein catabolic rate in patients with acute renal failure on continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration and total parenteral nutrition. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 3: 1516-1521.
  171. Leblanc M, Garred LJ, Cardinal J, et al. Catabolism in critical illness: estimation from urea nitrogen appearance and creatinine production during continuous renal replacement therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 444-453.
  172. Marshall MR, Golper TA, Shaver MJ, et al. Urea kinetics during sustained low-efficiency dialysis in critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: 556-570.
  173. Salahudeen AK, Kumar V, Madan N, et al. Sustained low efficiency dialysis in the continuous mode (C-SLED): dialysis efficacy, clinical outcomes, and survival predictors in critically ill cancer patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 1338-1346.
  174. Barnert J, Dumitrascu D, Neeser G, et al. Gastric emptying of a liquid meal in intensive care unit patients (abstr). Gastroenterology 1998; 114: A865.
  175. Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Clima B, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of gastrointestinal hemorrhage complicating acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1510-1519.
  176. Metnitz PG, Krenn CG, Steltzer H, et al. Effect of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy on outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 2051-2058.
  177. Scheinkestel CD, Kar L, Marshall K, et al. Prospective randomized trial to assess caloric and protein needs of critically Ill, anuric, ventilated patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Nutrition 2003; 19: 909-916.
  178. Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Giacosa R, et al. Enteral nutrition in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 999-1008.
  179. Caldwell MD, Kennedy-Caldwell C. Normal nutritional requirements. Surg Clin North Am 1981; 61: 489-507.
  180. Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Symons JM, et al. Protein and calorie prescription for children and young adults receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: a report from the Prospective Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Registry Group. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 3239-3245.
  181. Mehta RL, Pascual MT, Soroko S, et al. Diuretics, mortality, and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure. JAMA 2002; 288: 2547-2553.
  182. Uchino S, Doig GS, Bellomo R, et al. Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1669-1677.
  183. Karajala V, Mansour W, Kellum JA. Diuretics in acute kidney injury. Minerva Anestesiol 2009; 75: 251-257.
  184. Ponto LL, Schoenwald RD. Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic review (Part II). Clin Pharmacokinet 1990; 18: 460-471.
  185. Ponto LL, Schoenwald RD. Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic review (Part I). Clin Pharmacokinet 1990; 18: 381-408.
  186. Ludens JH, Hook JB, Brody MJ, et al. Enhancement of renal blood flow by furosemide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1968; 163: 456-460.
  187. Ludens JH, Williamson HE. Effect of furosemide on renal blood flow in the conscious dog. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1970; 133: 513-515.
  188. Cantarovich F, Rangoonwala B, Lorenz H, et al. High-dose furosemide for established ARF: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multicenter trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 402-409.
  189. Lassnigg A, Donner E, Grubhofer G, et al. Lack of renoprotective effects of dopamine and furosemide during cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 97-104.
  190. Lombardi R, Ferreiro A, Servetto C. Renal function after cardiac surgery: adverse effect of furosemide. Ren Fail 2003; 25: 775-786.
  191. Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, et al. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1416-1420.
  192. Ho KM, Sheridan DJ. Meta-analysis of frusemide to prevent or treat acute renal failure. BMJ 2006; 333: 420.
  193. Ho KM, Power BM. Benefits and risks of furosemide in acute kidney injury. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 283-293.
  194. Hager B, Betschart M, Krapf R. Effect of postoperative intravenous loop diuretic on renal function after major surgery. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1996; 126: 666-673.
  195. van der Voort PH, Boerma EC, Koopmans M, et al. Furosemide does not improve renal recovery after hemofiltration for acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 533-538.
  196. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, et al. Discontinuation of continuous renal replacement therapy: a post hoc analysis of a prospective multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2576-2582.
  197. Weisberg LS, Kurnik PB, Kurnik BR. Risk of radiocontrast nephropathy in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1994; 45: 259-265.
  198. Schetz M. Should we use diuretics in acute renal failure? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2004; 18: 75-89.
  199. Yallop KG, Sheppard SV, Smith DC. The effect of mannitol on renal function following cardio-pulmonary bypass in patients with normal pre-operative creatinine. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 576-582.
  200. Smith MN, Best D, Sheppard SV, et al. The effect of mannitol on renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with established renal dysfunction. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 701-704.
  201. Schnuelle P, Johannes van der Woude F. Perioperative fluid management in renal transplantation: a narrative review of the literature. Transpl Int 2006; 19: 947-959.
  202. van Valenberg PL, Hoitsma AJ, Tiggeler RG, et al. Mannitol as an indispensable constituent of an intraoperative hydration protocol for the prevention of acute renal failure after renal cadaveric transplantation. Transplantation 1987; 44: 784-788.
  203. Weimar W, Geerlings W, Bijnen AB, et al. A controlled study on the effect of mannitol on immediate renal function after cadaver donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1983; 35: 99-101.
  204. Better OS, Rubinstein I, Winaver JM, et al. Mannitol therapy revisited (1940-1997). Kidney Int 1997; 52: 886-894.
  205. Sever MS, Vanholder R, Lameire N. Management of crush-related injuries after disasters. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1052-1063.
  206. Vanholder R, Sever MS, Erek E, et al. Rhabdomyolysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 1553-1561.
  207. Bellomo R, Chapman M, Finfer S, et al. Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 2000; 356: 2139-2143.
  208. Murray PT. Use of dopaminergic agents for renoprotection in the ICU. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2003: 637-648.
  209. Lauschke A, Teichgraber UK, Frei U, et al. ‘Low-dose’ dopamine worsens renal perfusion in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1669-1674.
  210. Kellum JA, M Decker J. Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1526-1531.
  211. Marik PE. Low-dose dopamine: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 877-883.
  212. Friedrich JO, Adhikari N, Herridge MS, et al. Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 510-524.
  213. Murray PT. Fenoldopam: renal-dose dopamine redux? Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 910-911.
  214. Cogliati AA, Vellutini R, Nardini A, et al. Fenoldopam infusion for renal protection in high-risk cardiac surgery patients: a randomized clinical study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2007; 21: 847-850.
  215. Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Marino G, et al. Fenoldopam reduces the need for renal replacement therapy and in-hospital death in cardiovascular surgery: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 22: 27-33.
  216. Morelli A, Ricci Z, Bellomo R, et al. Prophylactic fenoldopam for renal protection in sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2451-2456.
  217. Aravindan N, Natarajan M, Shaw AD. Fenoldopam inhibits nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B in a rat model of surgical ischemic acute renal failure. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006; 20: 179-186.
  218. Aravindan N, Samuels J, Riedel B, et al. Fenoldopam improves corticomedullary oxygen delivery and attenuates angiogenesis gene expression in acute ischemic renal injury. Kidney Blood Press Res 2006; 29: 165-174.
  219. Kellum JA. Prophylactic fenoldopam for renal protection? No, thank you, not for me-not yet at least. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2681-2683.
  220. Stone GW, McCullough PA, Tumlin JA, et al. Fenoldopam mesylate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2284-2291.
  221. Tumlin JA, Finkel KW, Murray PT, et al. Fenoldopam mesylate in early acute tubular necrosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 26-34.
  222. Brienza N, Malcangi V, Dalfino L, et al. A comparison between fenoldopam and low-dose dopamine in early renal dysfunction of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 707-714.
  223. Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Tumlin JA, et al. Beneficial impact of fenoldopam in critically ill patients with or at risk for acute renal failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49: 56-68.
  224. Ricksten SE, Sward K. Atrial natriuretic peptide in acute renal failure. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J (eds). Critical Care Nephrology, 2nd Edn. Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, 2009, pp 429-433.
  225. Vesely DL. Natriuretic peptides and acute renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 285: F167-177.
  226. Marin-Grez M, Fleming JT, Steinhausen M. Atrial natriuretic peptide causes pre-glomerular vasodilatation and post-glomerular vasoconstriction in rat kidney. Nature 1986; 324: 473-476.
  227. Valsson F, Ricksten SE, Hedner T, et al. Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on renal function after cardiac surgery and in cyclosporine-treated heart transplant recipients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1994; 8: 425-430.
  228. Ratcliffe PJ, Richardson AJ, Kirby JE, et al. Effect of intravenous infusion of atriopeptin 3 on immediate renal allograft function. Kidney Int 1991; 39: 164-168.
  229. Sands JM, Neylan JF, Olson RA, et al. Atrial natriuretic factor does not improve the outcome of cadaveric renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991; 1: 1081-1086.
  230. Kurnik BR, Allgren RL, Genter FC, et al. Prospective study of atrial natriuretic peptide for the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 674-680.
  231. Allgren RL, Marbury TC, Rahman SN, et al. Anaritide in acute tubular necrosis. Auriculin Anaritide Acute Renal Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 828-834.
  232. Lewis J, Salem MM, Chertow GM, et al. Atrial natriuretic factor in oliguric acute renal failure. Anaritide Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 767-774.
  233. Sward K, Valsson F, Odencrants P, et al. Recombinant human atrial natriuretic peptide in ischemic acute renal failure: a randomized placebocontrolled trial. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1310-1315.
  234. Sward K, Valsson F, Sellgren J, et al. Differential effects of human atrial natriuretic peptide and furosemide on glomerular filtration rate and renal oxygen consumption in humans. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31: 79-85.
  235. Nigwekar SU, Navaneethan SD, Parikh CR, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide for management of acute kidney injury: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 261-272.
  236. Forssmann W, Meyer M, Forssmann K. The renal urodilatin system: clinical implications. Cardiovasc Res 2001; 51: 450-462.
  237. Hummel M, Kuhn M, Bub A, et al. Urodilatin: a new peptide with beneficial effects in the postoperative therapy of cardiac transplant recipients. Clin Investig 1992; 70: 674-682.
  238. Brenner P, Meyer M, Reichenspurner H, et al. Significance of prophylactic urodilatin (INN: ularitide) infusion for the prevention of acute renal failure in patients after heart transplantation. Eur J Med Res 1995; 1: 137-143.
  239. Sackner-Bernstein JD, Kowalski M, Fox M, et al. Short-term risk of death after treatment with nesiritide for decompensated heart failure: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005; 293: 1900-1905.
  240. Sackner-Bernstein JD, Skopicki HA, Aaronson KD. Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Circulation 2005; 111: 1487-1491.
  241. Topol EJ. Nesiritide - not verified. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 113-116.
  242. Iglesias JI, DePalma L, Hom D, et al. Predictors of mortality in adult patients with congestive heart failure receiving nesiritide-retrospective analysis showing a potential adverse interaction between nesiritide and acute renal dysfunction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 144-153.
  243. Mentzer RM, Jr., Oz MC, Sladen RN, et al. Effects of perioperative nesiritide in patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery:the NAPA Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 716-726.
  244. Ejaz AA, Martin TD, Johnson RJ, et al. Prophylactic nesiritide does not prevent dialysis or all-cause mortality in patients undergoing high-risk cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138: 959-964.
  245. Lingegowda V, Van QC, Shimada M, et al. Long-term outcome of patients treated with prophylactic nesiritide for the prevention of acute kidney injury following cardiovascular surgery. Clin Cardiol 2010; 33: 217-221.
  246. Hammerman MR. Potential role of growth factors in the prophylaxis and treatment of acute renal failure. Kidney Int Suppl 1998; 64: S19-22.
  247. Bernhardt WM, Eckardt KU. Physiological basis for the use of erythropoietin in critically ill patients at risk for acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14: 621-626.
  248. Ding H, Kopple JD, Cohen A, et al. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I accelerates recovery and reduces catabolism in rats with ischemic acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2281-2287.
  249. Friedlaender M, Popovtzer MM, Weiss O, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) enhances recovery from HgCl2-induced acute renal failure: the effects on renal IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor, and IGF-binding protein-1 mRNA. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5: 1782-1791.
  250. Miller SB, Martin DR, Kissane J, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I accelerates recovery from ischemic acute tubular necrosis in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89: 11876-11880.
  251. Petrinec D, Reilly JM, Sicard GA, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I attenuates delayed graft function in a canine renal autotransplantation model. Surgery 1996; 120: 221-225; discussion 225-226.
  252. Franklin SC, Moulton M, Sicard GA, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I preserves renal function postoperatively. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: F257-259.
  253. Hirschberg R, Kopple J, Lipsett P, et al. Multicenter clinical trial of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 2423-2432.
  254. Hladunewich MA, Corrigan G, Derby GC, et al. A randomized, placebocontrolled trial of IGF-1 for delayed graft function: a human model to study postischemic ARF. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 593-602.
  255. Song YR, Lee T, You SJ, et al. Prevention of acute kidney injury by erythropoietin in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a pilot study. Am J Nephrol 2009; 30: 253-260.
  256. Endre ZH, Walker RJ, Pickering JW, et al. Early intervention with erythropoietin does not affect the outcome of acute kidney injury (the EARLYARF trial). Kidney Int 2010; 77: 1020-1030.
  257. Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD. Nonoliguric and oliguric acute renal failure in asphyxiated term neonates. Pediatr Nephrol 1995; 9: 718-722.
  258. Gouyon JB, Guignard JP. Theophylline prevents the hypoxemia-induced renal hemodynamic changes in rabbits. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 1078-1083.
  259. Bakr AF. Prophylactic theophylline to prevent renal dysfunction in newborns exposed to perinatal asphyxia-a study in a developing country. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20: 1249-1252.
  260. Bhat MA, Shah ZA, Makhdoomi MS, et al. Theophylline for renal function in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 2006; 149: 180-184.
  261. Jenik AG, Ceriani Cernadas JM, Gorenstein A, et al. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of prophylactic theophylline on renal function in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics 2000; 105: E45.
  262. Cattarelli D, Spandrio M, Gasparoni A, et al. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of the effect of theophylline in prevention of vasomotor nephropathy in very preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006; 91: F80-84.
  263. Gottlieb SS, Brater DC, Thomas I, et al. BG9719 (CVT-124), an A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, protects against the decline in renal function observed with diuretic therapy. Circulation 2002; 105: 1348-1353.
  264. Givertz MM, Massie BM, Fields TK, et al. The effects of KW-3902, an adenosine A1-receptor antagonist,on diuresis and renal function in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and renal impairment or diuretic resistance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1551-1560.
  265. Cotter G, Dittrich HC, Weatherley BD, et al. The PROTECT pilot study: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study of the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist rolofylline in patients with acute heart failure and renal impairment. J Card Fail 2008; 14: 631-640.
  266. Massie BM, O’Connor CM, Metra M, et al. Rolofylline, an adenosine A1-receptor antagonist, in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1419-1428.
  267. Falagas ME, Kopterides P. Old antibiotics for infections in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007; 13: 592-597.
  268. Rea RS, Capitano B. Optimizing use of aminoglycosides in the critically ill. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28: 596-603.
  269. Roberts JA, Lipman J. Pharmacokinetic issues for antibiotics in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 840-851.
  270. Zahar JR, Rioux C, Girou E, et al. Inappropriate prescribing of aminoglycosides: risk factors and impact of an antibiotic control team. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58: 651-656.
  271. Bliziotis IA, Michalopoulos A, Kasiakou SK, et al. Ciprofloxacin vs an aminoglycoside in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of febrile neutropenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80: 1146-1156.
  272. Falagas ME, Matthaiou DK, Bliziotis IA. The role of aminoglycosides in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57: 639-647.
  273. Falagas ME, Matthaiou DK, Karveli EA, et al. Meta-analysis: randomized controlled trials of clindamycin/aminoglycoside vs. beta-lactam monotherapy for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 537-556.
  274. Glasmacher A, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Schulte S, et al. An evidence-based evaluation of important aspects of empirical antibiotic therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11 (Suppl 5): 17-23.
  275. Paul M, Benuri-Silbiger I, Soares-Weiser K, et al. Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2004; 328: 668.
  276. Paul M, Silbiger I, Grozinsky S, et al. Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: CD003344.
  277. English WP, Williams MD. Should aminoglycoside antibiotics be abandoned? Am J Surg 2000; 180: 512-515; discussion 515-516.
  278. Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GA, Fowler VG, Jr., et al. Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 713-721.
  279. Olaison L, Schadewitz K. Enterococcal endocarditis in Sweden, 1995-1999: can shorter therapy with aminoglycosides be used? Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 159-166.
  280. Ali BH. Agents ameliorating or augmenting experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: some recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41: 1447-1452.
  281. Bledsoe G, Crickman S, Mao J, et al. Kallikrein/kinin protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 624-633.
  282. Bledsoe G, Shen B, Yao YY, et al. Role of tissue kallikrein in prevention and recovery of gentamicin-induced renal injury. Toxicol Sci 2008; 102: 433-443.
  283. Ekor M, Farombi EO, Emerole GO. Modulation of gentamicin-induced renal dysfunction and injury by the phenolic extract of soybean (Glycine max). Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2006; 20: 263-271.
  284. Feldman L, Efrati S, Eviatar E, et al. Gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in hemodialysis patients is ameliorated by N-acetylcysteine. Kidney Int 2007; 72: 359-363.
  285. Girton RA, Sundin DP, Rosenberg ME. Clusterin protects renal tubular epithelial cells from gentamicin-mediated cytotoxicity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 282: F703-709.
  286. Horibe T, Matsui H, Tanaka M, et al. Gentamicin binds to the lectin site of calreticulin and inhibits its chaperone activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323: 281-287.
  287. Kaynar K, Gul S, Ersoz S, et al. Amikacin-induced nephropathy: is there any protective way? Ren Fail 2007; 29: 23-27.
  288. Martinez-Salgado C, Lopez-Hernandez FJ, Lopez-Novoa JM. Glomerular nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 223: 86-98.
  289. Montagut C, Bosch F, Villela L, et al. Aminoglycoside-associated severe renal failure in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 45: 1711-1712.
  290. Morales AI, Rodriguez-Barbero A, Vicente-Sanchez C, et al. Resveratrol inhibits gentamicin-induced mesangial cell contraction. Life Sci 2006; 78: 2373-2377.
  291. Parlakpinar H, Koc M, Polat A, et al. Protective effect of aminoguanidine against nephrotoxicity induced by amikacin in rats. Urol Res 2004; 32: 278-282.
  292. Rougier F, Claude D, Maurin M, et al. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 2004; 4: 153-162.
  293. Schmitz C, Hilpert J, Jacobsen C, et al. Megalin deficiency offers protection from renal aminoglycoside accumulation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 618-622.
  294. Walker PD, Barri Y, Shah SV. Oxidant mechanisms in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Ren Fail 1999; 21: 433-442.
  295. Watanabe A, Nagai J, Adachi Y, et al. Targeted prevention of renal accumulation and toxicity of gentamicin by aminoglycoside binding receptor antagonists. J Control Release 2004; 95: 423-433.
  296. Yanagida C, Ito K, Komiya I, et al. Protective effect of fosfomycin on gentamicin-induced lipid peroxidation of rat renal tissue. Chem Biol Interact 2004; 148: 139-147.
  297. Baciewicz AM, Sokos DR, Cowan RI. Aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity in the elderly. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37: 182-186.
  298. Barclay ML, Kirkpatrick CM, Begg EJ. Once daily aminoglycoside therapy. Is it less toxic than multiple daily doses and how should it be monitored? Clin Pharmacokinet 1999; 36: 89-98.
  299. Graham AC, Mercier RC, Achusim LE, et al. Extended-interval aminoglycoside dosing for treatment of enterococcal and staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Ann Pharmacother 2004; 38: 936-941.
  300. Kiel PJ, Lo M, Stockwell D, et al. An evaluation of amikacin nephrotoxicity in the hematology/oncology population. Am J Ther 2008; 15: 131-136.
  301. Kraus DM, Pai MP, Rodvold KA. Efficacy and tolerability of extendedinterval aminoglycoside administration in pediatric patients. Paediatr Drugs 2002; 4: 469-484.
  302. Nestaas E, Bangstad HJ, Sandvik L, et al. Aminoglycoside extended interval dosing in neonates is safe and effective: a meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90: F294-300.
  303. Peloquin CA, Berning SE, Nitta AT, et al. Aminoglycoside toxicity: daily versus thrice-weekly dosing for treatment of mycobacterial diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1538-1544.
  304. Peters-Volleberg GW, Dortant PM, Speijers GJ. Comparison of tobramycin nephrotoxicity in young adult and aged female rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1999; 84: 147-153.
  305. Rougier F, Claude D, Maurin M, et al. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: modeling, simulation, and control. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 1010-1016.
  306. Rougier F, Ducher M, Maurin M, et al. Aminoglycoside dosages and nephrotoxicity: quantitative relationships. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42: 493-500.
  307. Rybak MJ, Abate BJ, Kang SL, et al. Prospective evaluation of the effect of an aminoglycoside dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 1549-1555.
  308. Smyth AR, Tan KH. Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD002009.
  309. Ali MZ, Goetz MB. A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of single daily dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 796-809.
  310. Bailey TC, Little JR, Littenberg B, et al. A meta-analysis of extended-interval dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 786-795.
  311. Barza M, Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, et al. Single or multiple daily doses of aminoglycosides: a meta-analysis. BMJ 1996; 312: 338-345.
  312. Ferriols-Lisart R, Alos-Alminana M. Effectiveness and safety of once-daily aminoglycosides: a meta-analysis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996; 53: 1141-1150.
  313. Hatala R, Dinh T, Cook DJ. Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 717-725.
  314. Munckhof WJ, Grayson ML, Turnidge JD. A meta-analysis of studies on the safety and efficacy of aminoglycosides given either once daily or as divided doses. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 645-663.
  315. Gavalda J, Onrubia PL, Gomez MT, et al. Efficacy of ampicillin combined with ceftriaxone and gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis with no high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52: 514-517.
  316. Le T, Bayer AS. Combination antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 615-621.
  317. Tam VH, McKinnon PS, Levine DP, et al. Once-daily aminoglycoside in the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis: case report and review. Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20: 1116-1119.
  318. Beauchamp D, Labrecque G. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: do time and frequency of administration matter? Curr Opin Crit Care 2001; 7: 401-408.
  319. Kim MJ, Bertino JS, Jr., Erb TA, et al. Application of Bayes theorem to aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity: comparison of extendedinterval dosing, individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring, and multipledaily dosing. J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 44: 696-707.
  320. Murry KR, McKinnon PS, Mitrzyk B, et al. Pharmacodynamic characterization of nephrotoxicity associated with once-daily aminoglycoside. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19: 1252-1260.
  321. Streetman DS, Nafziger AN, Destache CJ, et al. Individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring results in less aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity and fewer associated costs. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21: 443-451.
  322. Heintz BH, Matzke GR, Dager WE. Antimicrobial dosing concepts and recommendations for critically ill adult patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy or intermittent hemodialysis. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29: 562-577.
  323. Dovas S, Liakopoulos V, Papatheodorou L, et al. Acute renal failure after antibiotic-impregnated bone cement treatment of an infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Nephrol 2008; 69: 207-212.
  324. Boyle MP. Adult cystic fibrosis. JAMA 2007; 298: 1787-1793.
  325. Ramsey BW, Pepe MS, Quan JM, et al. Intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Inhaled Tobramycin Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 23-30.
  326. Cannella CA, Wilkinson ST. Acute renal failure associated with inhaled tobramycin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006; 63: 1858-1861.
  327. Izquierdo MJ, Gomez-Alamillo C, Ortiz F, et al. Acute renal failure associated with use of inhaled tobramycin for treatment of chronic airway colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Nephrol 2006; 66: 464-467.
  328. Harbarth S, Burke JP, Lloyd JF, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of conventional amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: e120-127.
  329. Ullmann AJ. Nephrotoxicity in the setting of invasive fungal diseases. Mycoses 2008; 51 (Suppl 1): 25-30.
  330. Wingard JR, Kubilis P, Lee L, et al. Clinical significance of nephrotoxicity in patients treated with amphotericin B for suspected or proven aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 1402-1407.
  331. Pai MP, Norenberg JP, Telepak RA, et al. Assessment of effective renal plasma flow, enzymuria, and cytokine release in healthy volunteers receiving a single dose of amphotericin B desoxycholate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 3784-3788.
  332. Varlam DE, Siddiq MM, Parton LA, et al. Apoptosis contributes to amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 679-685.
  333. Furrer K, Schaffner A, Vavricka SR, et al. Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine A and amphotericin B-deoxycholate as continuous infusion in allogenic stem cell transplantation. Swiss Med Wkly 2002; 132: 316-320.
  334. de Rosa FG, Bargiacchi O, Audagnotto S, et al. Continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate: does decreased nephrotoxicity couple with time-dependent pharmacodynamics? Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47: 1964-1966.
  335. Sundar S, Chakravarty J, Rai VK, et al. Amphotericin B treatment for Indian visceral leishmaniasis: response to 15 daily versus alternate-day infusions. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 556-561.
  336. Techapornroong M, Suankratay C. Alternate-day versus once-daily administration of amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39: 896-901.
  337. Kleinberg M. What is the current and future status of conventional amphotericin B? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 27 (Suppl 1): 12-16.
  338. Saliba F, Dupont B. Renal impairment and amphotericin B formulations in patients with invasive fungal infections. Med Mycol 2008; 46: 97-112.
  339. Ullmann AJ, Sanz MA, Tramarin A, et al. Prospective study of amphotericin B formulations in immunocompromised patients in 4 European countries. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: e29-38.
  340. Yoo BK, Jalil Miah MA, Lee ES, et al. Reduced renal toxicity of nanoparticular amphotericin B micelles prepared with partially benzylated poly-L-aspartic acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29: 1700-1705.
  341. Alexander BD, Wingard JR. Study of renal safety in amphotericin B lipid complex-treated patients. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40 (Suppl 6): S414-421.
  342. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial). Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 1289-1297.
  343. Garbino J, Adam A. Use of high-dose liposomal amphotericin B: efficacy and tolerance. Acta Biomed 2006; 77 (Suppl 4): 19-22.
  344. Girois SB, Chapuis F, Decullier E, et al. Adverse effects of antifungal therapies in invasive fungal infections: review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 119-130.
  345. Hachem RY, Boktour MR, Hanna HA, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex versus liposomal amphotericin B monotherapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy. Cancer 2008; 112: 1282-1287.
  346. Johansen HK, Gotzsche PC. Amphotericin B lipid soluble formulations vs. amphotericin B in cancer patients with neutropenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 3: CD000969.
  347. Johnson PC, Wheat LJ, Cloud GA, et al. Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B compared with conventional amphotericin B for induction therapy of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 105-109.
  348. Olson JA, Adler-Moore JP, Schwartz J, et al. Comparative efficacies, toxicities, and tissue concentrations of amphotericin B lipid formulations in a murine pulmonary aspergillosis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 2122-2131.
  349. Veerareddy PR, Vobalaboina V. Lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B. Drugs Today (Barc) 2004; 40: 133-145.
  350. Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 764-771.
  351. Boogaerts M, Winston DJ, Bow EJ, et al. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate as empirical antifungal therapy for persistent fever in neutropenic patients with cancer who are receiving broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 412-422.
  352. Johansen HK, Gotzsche PC. Amphotericin B versus fluconazole for controlling fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 2: CD000239.
  353. Park SH, Choi SM, Lee DG, et al. Intravenous itraconazole vs. amphotericin B deoxycholate for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent neutropenic fever. Korean J Intern Med 2006; 21: 165-172.
  354. Raad, II, Hanna HA, Boktour M, et al. Novel antifungal agents as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: posaconazole compared with high-dose lipid formulations of amphotericin B alone or in combination with caspofungin. Leukemia 2008; 22: 496-503.
  355. Wegner B, Baer P, Gauer S, et al. Caspofungin is less nephrotoxic than amphotericin B in vitro and predominantly damages distal renal tubular cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 2071-2079.
  356. Schwann NM, Horrow JC, Strong MD, 3rd, et al. Does off-pump coronary artery bypass reduce the incidence of clinically evident renal dysfunction after multivessel myocardial revascularization? Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 959-964, table of contents.
  357. Shroyer AL, Grover FL, Hattler B, et al. On-pump versus off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1827-1837.
  358. Seabra VF, Alobaidi S, Balk EM, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 1734-1744.
  359. Efrati S, Dishy V, Averbukh M, et al. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on renal function, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress after angiography. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 2182-2187.
  360. Conesa EL, Valero F, Nadal JC, et al. N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves renal medullary hypoperfusion in acute renal failure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281: R730-737.
  361. DiMari J, Megyesi J, Udvarhelyi N, et al. N-acetyl cysteine ameliorates ischemic renal failure. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: F292-298.
  362. Jiang B, Haverty M, Brecher P. N-acetyl-L-cysteine enhances interleukin- 1beta-induced nitric oxide synthase expression. Hypertension 1999; 34: 574-579.
  363. Nitescu N, Ricksten SE, Marcussen N, et al. N-acetylcysteine attenuates kidney injury in rats subjected to renal ischaemia-reperfusion. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 1240-1247.
  364. Fishbane S. N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 281-287.
  365. Van Praet JT, De Vriese AS. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a critical review. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2007; 16: 336-347.
  366. Hoffmann U, Fischereder M, Kruger B, et al. The value of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of radiocontrast agent-induced nephropathy seems questionable. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 407-410.
  367. Izzedine H, Guerin V, Launay-Vacher V, et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on serum creatinine level. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 1514-1151.
  368. Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Ratnaike S, et al. N-Acetylcysteine does not artifactually lower plasma creatinine concentration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1581-1587.
  369. Mainra R, Gallo K, Moist L. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2007; 12: 510-513.
  370. Rehman T, Fought J, Solomon R. N-acetylcysteine effect on serum creatinine and cystatin C levels in CKD patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 1610-1614.
  371. Molnar Z, Szakmany T, Koszegi T. Prophylactic N-acetylcysteine decreases serum CRP but not PCT levels and microalbuminuria following major abdominal surgery. A prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebocontrolled clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 749-755.
  372. Niemi TT, Munsterhjelm E, Poyhia R, et al. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on blood coagulation and platelet function in patients undergoing open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2006; 17: 29-34.
  373. Peake SL, Moran JL, Leppard PI. N-acetyl-L-cysteine depresses cardiac performance in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 1302-1310.
  374. Lynch RM, Robertson R. Anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine: a prospective case controlled study. Accid Emerg Nurs 2004; 12: 10-15.
  375. Appelboam AV, Dargan PI, Knighton J. Fatal anaphylactoid reaction to N-acetylcysteine: caution in patients with asthma. Emerg Med J 2002; 19: 594-595.
  376. Ho KM, Morgan DJ. Meta-analysis of N-acetylcysteine to prevent acute renal failure after major surgery. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 33-40.
  377. Adabag AS, Ishani A, Koneswaran S, et al. Utility of N-acetylcysteine to prevent acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J 2008; 155: 1143-1149.
  378. Burns KE, Chu MW, Novick RJ, et al. Perioperative N-acetylcysteine to prevent renal dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 342-350.
  379. El-Hamamsy I, Stevens LM, Carrier M, et al. Effect of intravenous N-acetylcysteine on outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133: 7-12.
  380. Sisillo E, Ceriani R, Bortone F, et al. N-acetylcysteine for prevention of acute renal failure in patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 81-86.
  381. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Rao V, et al. N-acetylcysteine for preventing acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery patients with pre-existing moderate renal insufficiency. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54: 872-881.
  382. Hynninen MS, Niemi TT, Poyhia R, et al. N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of kidney injury in abdominal aortic surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2006; 102: 1638-1645.
  383. Macedo E, Abdulkader R, Castro I, et al. Lack of protection of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in acute renal failure related to elective aortic aneurysm repair-a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 1863-1869.
  384. Komisarof JA, Gilkey GM, Peters DM, et al. N-acetylcysteine for patients with prolonged hypotension as prophylaxis for acute renal failure (NEPHRON). Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 435-441.
  385. Harjai KJ, Raizada A, Shenoy C, et al. A comparison of contemporary definitions of contrast nephropathy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and a proposal for a novel nephropathy grading system. Am J Cardiol 2008; 101: 812-819.
  386. Thomsen HS, Morcos SK. Contrast media and the kidney: European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) guidelines. Br J Radiol 2003; 76: 513-518.
  387. Ribichini F, Graziani M, Gambaro G, et al. Early creatinine shifts predict contrast-induced nephropathy and persistent renal damage after angiography. Am J Med 2010; 123: 755-763.
  388. Newhouse JH, Kho D, Rao QA, et al. Frequency of serum creatinine changes in the absence of iodinated contrast material: implications for studies of contrast nephrotoxicity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 376-382.
  389. Baumgarten DA, Ellis JH. Contrast-induced nephropathy: contrast material not required? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 383-386.
  390. Bruce RJ, Djamali A, Shinki K, et al. Background fluctuation of kidney function versus contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192: 711-718.
  391. Jabara R, Gadesam RR, Pendyala LK, et al. Impact of the definition utilized on the rate of contrast-induced nephropathy in percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103: 1657-1662.
  392. Berns AS. Nephrotoxicity of contrast media. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 730-740.
  393. Rudnick MR, Goldfarb S, Tumlin J. Contrast-induced nephropathy: is the picture any clearer? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 261-262.
  394. Nash K, Hafeez A, Hou S. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: 930-936.
  395. Polena S, Yang S, Alam R, et al. Nephropathy in critically Ill patients without preexisting renal disease. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2005; 48: 134-135.
  396. Becker CR, Davidson C, Lameire N, et al. High-risk situations and procedures. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 37K-41K.
  397. Lameire N. Contrast-induced nephropathy in the critically-ill patient: focus on emergency screening and prevention. Acta Clin Belg Suppl 2007: 346-352.
  398. McCullough PA. Radiocontrast-induced acute kidney injury. Nephron Physiol 2008; 109: pp 61-72.
  399. Weisbord SD, Chen H, Stone RA, et al. Associations of increases in serum creatinine with mortality and length of hospital stay after coronary angiography. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2871-2877.
  400. McCullough PA, Wolyn R, Rocher LL, et al. Acute renal failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality. Am J Med 1997; 103: 368-375.
  401. Solomon RJ, Natarajan MK, Doucet S, et al. Cardiac Angiography in Renally Impaired Patients (CARE) study: a randomized double-blind trial of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Circulation 2007; 115: 3189-3196.
  402. Freeman RV, O’Donnell M, Share D, et al. Nephropathy requiring dialysis after percutaneous coronary intervention and the critical role of an adjusted contrast dose. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 1068-1073.
  403. Nikolsky E, Mehran R, Turcot D, et al. Impact of chronic kidney disease on prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 300-305.
  404. Vuurmans T, Byrne J, Fretz E, et al. Chronic kidney injury in patients after cardiac catheterisation or percutaneous coronary intervention: a comparison of radial and femoral approaches (from the British Columbia Cardiac and Renal Registries). Heart 2010; 96: 1538-1542.
  405. Drey N, Roderick P, Mullee M, et al. A population-based study of the incidence and outcomes of diagnosed chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 677-684.
  406. Katzberg RW, Haller C. Contrast-induced nephrotoxicity: clinical landscape. Kidney Int Suppl 2006: S3-7.
  407. Persson PB. Editorial: contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20 (Suppl 1): i1.
  408. Mehran R, Nikolsky E. Contrast-induced nephropathy: definition, epidemiology, and patients at risk. Kidney Int Suppl 2006: S11-15.
  409. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, et al. Assessing kidney function-measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2473-2483.
  410. Lameire N, Adam A, Becker CR, et al. Baseline renal function screening. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 21K-26K.
  411. Choyke PL, Cady J, DePollar SL, et al. Determination of serum creatinine prior to iodinated contrast media: is it necessary in all patients? Tech Urol 1998; 4: 65-69.
  412. McCullough PA, Adam A, Becker CR, et al. Risk prediction of contrastinduced nephropathy. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 27K-36K.
  413. Toprak O. Conflicting and new risk factors for contrast induced nephropathy. J Urol 2007; 178: 2277-2283.
  414. Goldenberg I, Matetzky S. Nephropathy induced by contrast media: pathogenesis, risk factors and preventive strategies. CMAJ 2005; 172: 1461-1471.
  415. Majumdar SR, Kjellstrand CM, Tymchak WJ, et al. Forced euvolemic diuresis with mannitol and furosemide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with CKD undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54: 602-609.
  416. Barrett BJ, Parfrey PS. Clinical practice. Preventing nephropathy induced by contrast medium. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 379-386.
  417. Brown JR, DeVries JT, Piper WD, et al. Serious renal dysfunction after percutaneous coronary interventions can be predicted. Am Heart J 2008; 155: 260-266.
  418. Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, et al. A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1393-1399.
  419. Perazella MA. Gadolinium-contrast toxicity in patients with kidney disease: nephrotoxicity and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Curr Drug Saf 2008; 3: 67-75.
  420. Perazella MA. Current status of gadolinium toxicity in patients with kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 461-469.
  421. Briguori C, Colombo A, Airoldi F, et al. Gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrotoxicity in patients undergoing coronary artery procedures. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006; 67: 175-180.
  422. Ergun I, Keven K, Uruc I, et al. The safety of gadolinium in patients with stage 3 and 4 renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 697-700.
  423. Erley CM, Bader BD, Berger ED, et al. Gadolinium-based contrast media compared with iodinated media for digital subtraction angiography in azotaemic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 2526-2531.
  424. Kane GC, Stanson AW, Kalnicka D, et al. Comparison between gadolinium and iodine contrast for percutaneous intervention in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: clinical outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1233-1240.
  425. Sam AD, 2nd, Morasch MD, Collins J, et al. Safety of gadolinium contrast angiography in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38: 313-318.
  426. Swan SK, Lambrecht LJ, Townsend R, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of gadobenate dimeglumine in subjects with renal impairment. Invest Radiol 1999; 34: 443-448.
  427. Kanal E, Broome DR, Martin DR, et al. Response to the FDA’s May 23, 2007, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis update. Radiology 2008; 246: 11-14.
  428. Kay J. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a gadolinium-associated fibrosing disorder in patients with renal dysfunction. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67 (Suppl 3): iii66-69.
  429. Wollanka H, Weidenmaier W, Giersig C. NSF after Gadovist exposure: a case report and hypothesis of NSF development. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 3882-3884.
  430. Elmholdt TR, Jørgensen B, Ramsing M, et al. Two cases of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after exposure to the macrocyclic compound gadobutrol. NDT Plus 2010; 3: 285-287.
  431. Sterling KA, Tehrani T, Rudnick MR. Clinical significance and preventive strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2008; 17: 616-623.
  432. Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P, et al. Meta-analysis: effectiveness of drugs for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 284-294.
  433. Cigarroa RG, Lange RA, Williams RH, et al. Dosing of contrast material to prevent contrast nephropathy in patients with renal disease. Am J Med 1989; 86: 649-652.
  434. Chen ML, Lesko L, Williams RL. Measures of exposure versus measures of rate and extent of absorption. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40: 565-572.
  435. Sherwin PF, Cambron R, Johnson JA, et al. Contrast dose-to-creatinine clearance ratio as a potential indicator of risk for radiocontrast-induced nephropathy: correlation of D/CrCL with area under the contrast concentration-time curve using iodixanol. Invest Radiol 2005; 40: 598-603.
  436. Nyman U, Bjork J, Aspelin P, et al. Contrast medium dose-to-GFR ratio: a measure of systemic exposure to predict contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention. Acta Radiol 2008; 49: 658-667.
  437. Laskey WK, Jenkins C, Selzer F, et al. Volume-to-creatinine clearance ratio: a pharmacokinetically based risk factor for prediction of early creatinine increase after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 584-590.
  438. Nyman U, Almen T, Aspelin P, et al. Contrast-medium-induced nephropathy correlated to the ratio between dose in gram iodine and estimated GFR in ml/min. Acta Radiol 2005; 46: 830-842.
  439. Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Campodonico J, et al. Contrast volume during primary percutaneous coronary intervention and subsequent contrastinduced nephropathy and mortality. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 170-177.
  440. Cramer BC, Parfrey PS, Hutchinson TA, et al. Renal function following infusion of radiologic contrast material. A prospective controlled study. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 87-89.
  441. Heller CA, Knapp J, Halliday J, et al. Failure to demonstrate contrast nephrotoxicity. Med J Aust 1991; 155: 329-332.
  442. Rao QA, Newhouse JH. Risk of nephropathy after intravenous administration of contrast material: a critical literature analysis. Radiology 2006; 239: 392-397.
  443. Barrett BJ, Katzberg RW, Thomsen HS, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing computed tomography: a double-blind comparison of iodixanol and iopamidol. Invest Radiol 2006; 41: 815-821.
  444. Katzberg RW, Lamba R. Contrast-induced nephropathy after intravenous administration: fact or fiction? Radiol Clin North Am 2009; 47: 789-800.
  445. Katzberg RW, Barrett BJ. Risk of iodinated contrast material-induced nephropathy with intravenous administration. Radiology 2007; 243: 622-628.
  446. Thomsen HS, Morcos SK. Risk of contrast-medium-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients undergoing MDCT-a pooled analysis of two randomized trials. Eur Radiol 2009; 19: 891-897.
  447. Ellis JH, Cohan RH. Reducing the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy: a perspective on the controversies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192: 1544-1549.
  448. Goldfarb S, Spinler S, Berns JS, et al. Low-osmolality contrast media and the risk of contrast-associated nephrotoxicity. Invest Radiol 1993; 28 (Suppl 5): S7-10; discussion S11-12.
  449. Barrett BJ, Carlisle EJ. Metaanalysis of the relative nephrotoxicity of high- and low-osmolality iodinated contrast media. Radiology 1993; 188: 171-178.
  450. Aspelin P, Aubry P, Fransson SG, et al. Nephrotoxic effects in high-risk patients undergoing angiography. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 491-499.
  451. Feldkamp T, Baumgart D, Elsner M, et al. Nephrotoxicity of iso-osmolar versus low-osmolar contrast media is equal in low risk patients. Clin Nephrol 2006; 66: 322-330.
  452. Hardiek KJ, Katholi RE, Robbs RS, et al. Renal effects of contrast media in diabetic patients undergoing diagnostic or interventional coronary angiography. J Diabetes Complications 2008; 22: 171-177.
  453. Juergens CP, Winter JP, Nguyen-Do P, et al. Nephrotoxic effects of iodixanol and iopromide in patients with abnormal renal function receiving Nacetylcysteine and hydration before coronary angiography and intervention: a randomized trial. Intern Med J 2009; 39: 25-31.
  454. Laskey W, Aspelin P, Davidson C, et al. Nephrotoxicity of iodixanol versus iopamidol in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary angiographic procedures. Am Heart J 2009; 158: 822-828 e823.
  455. Nie B, Cheng WJ, Li YF, et al. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial on the efficacy and cardiorenal safety of iodixanol vs. iopromide in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography with or without percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2008; 72: 958-965.
  456. Rudnick MR, Davidson C, Laskey W, et al. Nephrotoxicity of iodixanol versus ioversol in patients with chronic kidney disease: the Visipaque Angiography/Interventions with Laboratory Outcomes in Renal Insufficiency (VALOR) Trial. Am Heart J 2008; 156: 776-782.
  457. Heinrich MC, Haberle L, Muller V, et al. Nephrotoxicity of iso-osmolar iodixanol compared with nonionic low-osmolar contrast media: metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Radiology 2009; 250: 68-86.
  458. Reddan D, Laville M, Garovic VD. Contrast-induced nephropathy and its prevention: What do we really know from evidence-based findings? J Nephrol 2009; 22: 333-351.
  459. Jo SH, Youn TJ, Koo BK, et al. Renal toxicity evaluation and comparison between visipaque (iodixanol) and hexabrix (ioxaglate) in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography: the RECOVER study: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 924-930.
  460. Mehran R, Nikolsky E, Kirtane AJ, et al. Ionic low-osmolar versus nonionic iso-osmolar contrast media to obviate worsening nephropathy after angioplasty in chronic renal failure patients: the ICON (Ionic versus nonionic Contrast to Obviate worsening Nephropathy after angioplasty in chronic renal failure patients) study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 2: 415-421.
  461. Kuhn MJ, Chen N, Sahani DV, et al. The PREDICT study: a randomized double-blind comparison of contrast-induced nephropathy after low- or isoosmolar contrast agent exposure. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 151-157.
  462. Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Erley CM, et al. The ACTIVE Trial: comparison of the effects on renal function of iomeprol-400 and iodixanol-320 in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing abdominal computed tomography. Invest Radiol 2008; 43: 170-178.
  463. Nguyen SA, Suranyi P, Ravenel JG, et al. Iso-osmolality versus lowosmolality iodinated contrast medium at intravenous contrast-enhanced CT: effect on kidney function. Radiology 2008; 248: 97-105.
  464. Weisbord SD, Palevsky PM. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with volume expansion. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 273-280.
  465. Persson PB, Hansell P, Liss P. Pathophysiology of contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 14-22.
  466. Better OS, Rubinstein I. Management of shock and acute renal failure in casualties suffering from the crush syndrome. Ren Fail 1997; 19: 647-653.
  467. Weisbord SD, Mor MK, Resnick AL, et al. Prevention, incidence, and outcomes of contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1325-1332.
  468. Stevens MA, McCullough PA, Tobin KJ, et al. A prospective randomized trial of prevention measures in patients at high risk for contrast nephropathy: results of the P.R.I.N.C.E. Study. Prevention of Radiocontrast Induced Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 403-411.
  469. Mueller C, Buerkle G, Buettner HJ, et al. Prevention of contrast mediaassociated nephropathy: randomized comparison of 2 hydration regimens in 1620 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 329-336.
  470. Merten GJ, Burgess WP, Gray LV, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 2328-2334.
  471. Caulfield JL, Singh SP, Wishnok JS, et al. Bicarbonate inhibits N-nitrosation in oxygenated nitric oxide solutions. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 25859-25863.
  472. Bakris GL, Lass N, Gaber AO, et al. Radiocontrast medium-induced declines in renal function: a role for oxygen free radicals. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: F115-120.
  473. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186: 1-85.
  474. Assadi F. Acetazolamide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a new use for an old drug. Pediatr Cardiol 2006; 27: 238-242.
  475. Brar SS, Hiremath S, Dangas G, et al. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced-acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 1584-1592.
  476. Hogan SE, L’Allier P, Chetcuti S, et al. Current role of sodium bicarbonatebased preprocedural hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2008; 156: 414-421.
  477. Hoste EA, De Waele JJ, Gevaert SA, et al. Sodium bicarbonate for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 747-758.
  478. Joannidis M, Schmid M, Wiedermann CJ. Prevention of contrast mediainduced nephropathy by isotonic sodium bicarbonate: a meta-analysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2008; 120: 742-748.
  479. Kanbay M, Covic A, Coca SG, et al. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized trials. Int Urol Nephrol 2009; 41: 617-627.
  480. Navaneethan SD, Singh S, Appasamy S, et al. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 617-627.
  481. Zoungas S, Ninomiya T, Huxley R, et al. Systematic review: sodium bicarbonate treatment regimens for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151: 631-638.
  482. Adolph E, Holdt-Lehmann B, Chatterjee T, et al. Renal Insufficiency Following Radiocontrast Exposure Trial (REINFORCE): a randomized comparison of sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chloride hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Coron Artery Dis 2008; 19: 413-419.
  483. Ozcan EE, Guneri S, Akdeniz B, et al. Sodium bicarbonate, N-acetylcysteine, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. A comparison of 3 regimens for protecting contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary procedures. A single-center prospective controlled trial. Am Heart J 2007; 154: 539-544.
  484. Brar SS, Shen AY, Jorgensen MB, et al. Sodium bicarbonate vs sodium chloride for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 1038-1046.
  485. Budhiraja P, Chen Z, Popovtzer M. Sodium bicarbonate versus normal saline for protection against contrast nephropathy. Ren Fail 2009; 31: 118-123.
  486. Briguori C, Airoldi F, D’Andrea D, et al. Renal Insufficiency Following Contrast Media Administration Trial (REMEDIAL): a randomized comparison of 3 preventive strategies. Circulation 2007; 115: 1211-1217.
  487. Maioli M, Toso A, Leoncini M, et al. Sodium bicarbonate versus saline for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 599-604.
  488. Recio-Mayoral A, Chaparro M, Prado B, et al. The reno-protective effect of hydration with sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine in patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention: the RENO Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1283-1288.
  489. From AM, Bartholmai BJ, Williams AW, et al. Sodium bicarbonate is associated with an increased incidence of contrast nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study of 7977 patients at mayo clinic. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 10-18.
  490. Taylor AJ, Hotchkiss D, Morse RW, et al. PREPARED: Preparation for Angiography in Renal Dysfunction: a randomized trial of inpatient vs outpatient hydration protocols for cardiac catheterization in mildto- moderate renal dysfunction. Chest 1998; 114: 1570-1574.
  491. Trivedi HS, Moore H, Nasr S, et al. A randomized prospective trial to assess the role of saline hydration on the development of contrast nephrotoxicity. Nephron Clin Pract 2003; 93: C29-34.
  492. Yoshikawa D, Isobe S, Sato K, et al. Importance of oral fluid intake after coronary computed tomography angiography: An observational study. Eur J Radiol 2011; 77: 118-122.
  493. Cho R, Javed N, Traub D, et al. Oral hydration and alkalinization is noninferior to intravenous therapy for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Interv Cardiol 2010; 23: 460-466.
  494. McCullough PA. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1419-1428.
  495. Klein-Schwartz W, Doyon S. Intravenous acetylcysteine for the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12: 119-130.
  496. Thiele H, Hildebrand L, Schirdewahn C, et al. Impact of high-dose N-acetylcysteine versus placebo on contrast-induced nephropathy and myocardial reperfusion injury in unselected patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The LIPSIA-N-ACC (Prospective, Single-Blind, Placebo- Controlled, Randomized Leipzig Immediate PercutaneouS Coronary Intervention Acute Myocardial Infarction N-ACC) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 2201-2209.
  497. Trivedi H, Daram S, Szabo A, et al. High-dose N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Med 2009; 122: 874.e9-874.15.
  498. Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Marana I, et al. N-acetylcysteine and contrastinduced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2773-2782.
  499. Webb JG, Pate GE, Humphries KH, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization: lack of effect. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 422-429.
  500. Bagshaw SM, McAlister FA, Manns BJ, et al. Acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a case study of the pitfalls in the evolution of evidence. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 161-166.
  501. Vaitkus PT, Brar C. N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: publication bias perpetuated by meta-analyses. Am Heart J 2007; 153: 275-280.
  502. Jo SH, Koo BK, Park JS, et al. N-acetylcysteine versus AScorbic acid for preventing contrast-Induced nephropathy in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography NASPI study-a prospective randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J 2009; 157: 576-583.
  503. Brown JR, Block CA, Malenka DJ, et al. Sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine prophylaxis: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 2: 1116-1124.
  504. Koc F, Ozdemir K, Kaya MG, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine plus high-dose hydration versus high-dose hydration and standard hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: CASIS-A multicenter prospective controlled trial. Int J Cardiol 2010: doi:10.1016/j.ijcard. 2010.1010.1041.
  505. Arend LJ, Bakris GL, Burnett JC, Jr., et al. Role for intrarenal adenosine in the renal hemodynamic response to contrast media. J Lab Clin Med 1987; 110: 406-411.
  506. Bagshaw SM, Ghali WA. Theophylline for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1087-1093.
  507. Huber W, Eckel F, Hennig M, et al. Prophylaxis of contrast materialinduced nephropathy in patients in intensive care: acetylcysteine, theophylline, or both? A randomized study. Radiology 2006; 239: 793-804.
  508. Baskurt M, Okcun B, Abaci O, et al. N-acetylcysteine versus N-acetylcysteine + theophylline for the prevention of contrast nephropathy. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39: 793-799.
  509. Malhis M, Al-Bitar S, Al-Deen Zaiat K. The role of theophylline in prevention of radiocontrast media-induced nephropathy. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2010; 21: 276-283.
  510. Upton RA. Pharmacokinetic interactions between theophylline and other medication (Part II). Clin Pharmacokinet 1991; 20: 135-150.
  511. Upton RA. Pharmacokinetic interactions between theophylline and other medication (Part I). Clin Pharmacokinet 1991; 20: 66-80.
  512. Stacul F, Adam A, Becker CR, et al. Strategies to reduce the risk of contrastinduced nephropathy. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 59K-77K.
  513. Allaqaband S, Tumuluri R, Malik AM, et al. Prospective randomized study of N-acetylcysteine, fenoldopam, and saline for prevention of radiocontrastinduced nephropathy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2002; 57: 279-283.
  514. Toso A, Maioli M, Leoncini M, et al. Usefulness of atorvastatin (80 mg) in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105: 288-292.
  515. Yoshida S, Kamihata H, Nakamura S, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by chronic pravastatin treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease and renal insufficiency. J Cardiol 2009; 54: 192-198.
  516. Deray G. Dialysis and iodinated contrast media. Kidney Int Suppl 2006: S25-29.
  517. Cruz DN, Perazella MA, Ronco C. The role of extracorporeal blood purification therapies in the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 515-524.
  518. Vogt B, Ferrari P, Schonholzer C, et al. Prophylactic hemodialysis after radiocontrast media in patients with renal insufficiency is potentially harmful. Am J Med 2001; 111: 692-698.
  519. Reinecke H, Fobker M, Wellmann J, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing hydration therapy to additional hemodialysis or N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy: the Dialysis-versus-Diuresis (DVD) Trial. Clin Res Cardiol 2007; 96: 130-139.
  520. Kawashima S, Takano H, Iino Y, et al. Prophylactic hemodialysis does not prevent contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Circ J 2006; 70: 553-558.
  521. Lee PT, Chou KJ, Liu CP, et al. Renal protection for coronary angiography in advanced renal failure patients by prophylactic hemodialysis. A randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1015-1020.
  522. Marenzi G, Marana I, Lauri G, et al. The prevention of radiocontrastagent- induced nephropathy by hemofiltration. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1333-1340.
  523. Marenzi G, Lauri G, Campodonico J, et al. Comparison of two hemofiltration protocols for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients. Am J Med 2006; 119: 155-162.
  524. Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Levin A, et al. Development of a clinical research agenda for acute kidney injury using an international, interdisciplinary, three-step modified Delphi process. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 887-894.
  525. Palevsky PM, Baldwin I, Davenport A, et al. Renal replacement therapy and the kidney: minimizing the impact of renal replacement therapy on recovery of acute renal failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11: 548-554.
  526. Allon M, Shanklin N. Effect of albuterol treatment on subsequent dialytic potassium removal. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 26: 607-613.
  527. Gauthier PM, Szerlip HM. Metabolic acidosis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2002; 18: 289-308.
  528. Kraut JA, Kurtz I. Toxic alcohol ingestions: clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 208-225.
  529. Pearlman BL, Gambhir R. Salicylate intoxication: a clinical review. Postgrad Med 2009; 121: 162-168.
  530. Tyagi PK, Winchester JF, Feinfeld DA. Extracorporeal removal of toxins. Kidney Int 2008; 74: 1231-1233.
  531. Bouman CS, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM, Tijssen JG, et al. Effects of early high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on survival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure: a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 2205-2211.
  532. Conger JD. A controlled evaluation of prophylactic dialysis in posttraumatic acute renal failure. J Trauma 1975; 15: 1056-1063.
  533. Fischer RP, Griffen WO, Jr., Reiser M, et al. Early dialysis in the treatment of acute renal failure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1966; 123: 1019-1023.
  534. Kleinknecht D, Jungers P, Chanard J, et al. Uremic and non-uremic complications in acute renal failure: Evaluation of early and frequent dialysis on prognosis. Kidney Int 1972; 1: 190-196.
  535. Parsons FM, Hobson SM, Blagg CR, et al. Optimum time for dialysis in acute reversible renal failure. Description and value of an improved dialyser with large surface area. Lancet 1961; 1: 129-134.
  536. Gettings LG, Reynolds HN, Scalea T. Outcome in post-traumatic acute renal failure when continuous renal replacement therapy is applied early vs. late. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 805-813.
  537. Demirkilic U, Kuralay E, Yenicesu M, et al. Timing of replacement therapy for acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. J Card Surg 2004; 19: 17-20.
  538. Elahi MM, Lim MY, Joseph RN, et al. Early hemofiltration improves survival in post-cardiotomy patients with acute renal failure. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 26: 1027-1031.
  539. Liu KD, Himmelfarb J, Paganini E, et al. Timing of initiation of dialysis in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 915-919.
  540. Bagshaw SM, Uchino S, Bellomo R, et al. Timing of renal replacement therapy and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury. J Crit Care 2009; 24: 129-140.
  541. Shiao CC, Wu VC, Li WY, et al. Late initiation of renal replacement therapy is associated with worse outcomes in acute kidney injury after major abdominal surgery. Crit Care 2009; 13: R171.
  542. Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, et al. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 641-648.
  543. Foland JA, Fortenberry JD, Warshaw BL, et al. Fluid overload before continuous hemofiltration and survival in critically ill children: a retrospective analysis. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1771-1776.
  544. Gillespie RS, Seidel K, Symons JM. Effect of fluid overload and dose of replacement fluid on survival in hemofiltration. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19: 1394-1399.
  545. Goldstein SL, Currier H, Graf C, et al. Outcome in children receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 1309-1312.
  546. Goldstein SL, Somers MJ, Baum MA, et al. Pediatric patients with multiorgan dysfunction syndrome receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 653-658.
  547. Hayes LW, Oster RA, Tofil NM, et al. Outcomes of critically ill children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. J Crit Care 2009; 24: 394-400.
  548. Sutherland SM, Zappitelli M, Alexander SR, et al. Fluid overload and mortality in children receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: the prospective pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy registry. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 55: 316-325.
  549. Wiedemann HP, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, et al. Comparison of two fluidmanagement strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2564-2575.
  550. Mehta RL, McDonald B, Pahl M, et al. Continuous vs. intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure in the ICU: Results from a randomized multicenter trial (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 1456.
  551. Cruz DN, de Cal M, Garzotto F, et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin is an early biomarker for acute kidney injury in an adult ICU population. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 444-451.
  552. Hui-Stickle S, Brewer ED, Goldstein SL. Pediatric ARF epidemiology at a tertiary care center from 1999 to 2001. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 45: 96-101.
  553. Williams DM, Sreedhar SS, Mickell JJ, et al. Acute kidney failure: a pediatric experience over 20 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002; 156: 893-900.
  554. Picca S, Dionisi-Vici C, Abeni D, et al. Extracorporeal dialysis in neonatal hyperammonemia: modalities and prognostic indicators. Pediatr Nephrol 2001; 16: 862-867.
  555. Proulx F, Fayon M, Farrell CA, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in children. Chest 1996; 109: 1033-1037.
  556. Proulx F, Gauthier M, Nadeau D, et al. Timing and predictors of death in pediatric patients with multiple organ system failure. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1025-1031.
  557. Picca S, Bartuli A, Dionisi-Vici C. Medical management and dialysis therapy for the infant with an inborn error of metabolism. Semin Nephrol 2008; 28: 477-480.
  558. Picca S, Ricci Z, Picardo S. Acute kidney injury in an infant after cardiopulmonary bypass. Semin Nephrol 2008; 28: 470-476.
  559. Michael M, Kuehnle I, Goldstein SL. Fluid overload and acute renal failure in pediatric stem cell transplant patients. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19: 91-95.
  560. Goldstein SL. Advances in pediatric renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury. Semin Dial 2011; 24: 187-191.
  561. Bagshaw SM, Mortis G, Godinez-Luna T, et al. Renal recovery after severe acute renal failure. Int J Artif Organs 2006; 29: 1023-1030.
  562. Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L, et al. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1627-1638.
  563. Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O’Connor TZ, et al. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 7-20.
  564. Prendergast TJ, Luce JM. Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 15-20.
  565. Swartz R, Perry E, Daley J. The frequency of withdrawal from acute care is impacted by severe acute renal failure. J Palliat Med 2004; 7: 676-682.
  566. Ho KM, Liang J, Hughes T, et al. Withholding and withdrawal of therapy in patients with acute renal injury: a retrospective cohort study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2003; 31: 509-513.
  567. Shealy CB, Campbell RC, Hey JC, et al. 24-hr creatinine clearance as a guide for CRRT withdrawal: a retrospective study (abstr). Blood Purif 2003; 21: 192.
  568. Wu VC, Ko WJ, Chang HW, et al. Risk factors of early redialysis after weaning from postoperative acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 101-108.
  569. Askenazi DJ, Feig DI, Graham NM, et al. 3-5 year longitudinal follow-up of pediatric patients after acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 184-189.
  570. Symons JM, Chua AN, Somers MJ, et al. Demographic characteristics of pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy: a report of the prospective pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy registry. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 732-738.
  571. Schetz M. Anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy. Contrib Nephrol 2001; 132: 283-303.
  572. Bellomo R, Parkin G, Love J, et al. Use of continuous haemodiafiltration: an approach to the management of acute renal failure in the critically ill. Am J Nephrol 1992; 12: 240-245.
  573. Morabito S, Guzzo I, Solazzo A, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapies: anticoagulation in the critically ill at high risk of bleeding. J Nephrol 2003; 16: 566-571.
  574. Tan HK, Baldwin I, Bellomo R. Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration without anticoagulation in high-risk patients. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 1652-1657.
  575. Uchino S, Fealy N, Baldwin I, et al. Continuous venovenous hemofiltration without anticoagulation. ASAIO J 2004; 50: 76-80.
  576. Agarwal B, Shaw S, Hari MS, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patients with liver disease: is circuit life different? J Hepatol 2009; 51: 504-509.
  577. Davies H, Leslie G. Maintaining the CRRT circuit: non-anticoagulant alternatives. Aust Crit Care 2006; 19: 133-138.
  578. Joannidis M, Oudemans-van Straaten HM. Clinical review: Patency of the circuit in continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care 2007; 11: 218.
  579. Davenport A. Review article: Low-molecular-weight heparin as an alternative anticoagulant to unfractionated heparin for routine outpatient haemodialysis treatments. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009; 14: 455-461.
  580. Hirsh J, Bauer KA, Donati MB, et al. Parenteral anticoagulants: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008; 133: 141S-159S.
  581. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008; 133: 340S-380S.
  582. Baglin T, Barrowcliffe TW, Cohen A, et al. Guidelines on the use and monitoring of heparin. Br J Haematol 2006; 133: 19-34.
  583. Gray E, Mulloy B, Barrowcliffe TW. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 807-818.
  584. Martel N, Lee J, Wells PS. Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Blood 2005; 106: 2710-2715.
  585. Davenport A, Tolwani A. Citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patients with acute kidney injury admitted to the intensive care unit. NDT Plus 2009; 2: 439-447.
  586. Lim W, Cook DJ, Crowther MA. Safety and efficacy of low molecular weight heparins for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 3192-3206.
  587. European Best Practice Guidelines for Haemodialysis (Part 1). V. Chronic intermittent haemodialysis and prevention of clotting in the extracorporal system. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17 (Suppl 7): 63-71.
  588. Fischer KG. Essentials of anticoagulation in hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 2007; 11: 178-189.
  589. Ouseph R, Ward RA. Anticoagulation for intermittent hemodialysis. Semin Dial 2000; 13: 181-187.
  590. Lim W, Dentali F, Eikelboom JW, et al. Meta-analysis: low-molecularweight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 673-684.
  591. Akizawa T, Koshikawa S, Ota K, et al. Nafamostat mesilate: a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis in patients at high risk for bleeding. Nephron 1993; 64: 376-381.
  592. Matsuo T, Kario K, Nakao K, et al. Anticoagulation with nafamostat mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, in hemodialysis patients with a bleeding risk. Haemostasis 1993; 23: 135-141.
  593. Yang JW, Han BG, Kim BR, et al. Superior outcome of nafamostat mesilate as an anticoagulant in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis with intracerebral hemorrhage. Ren Fail 2009; 31: 668-675.
  594. Maruyama H, Miyakawa Y, Gejyo F, et al. Anaphylactoid reaction induced by nafamostat mesilate in a hemodialysis patient. Nephron 1996; 74: 468-469.
  595. Muto S, Imai M, Asano Y. Mechanisms of hyperkalemia caused by nafamostat mesilate. Gen Pharmacol 1995; 26: 1627-1632.
  596. Okada H, Suzuki H, Deguchi N, et al. Agranulocytosis in a haemodialysed patient induced by a proteinase inhibitor, nafamostate mesilate. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7: 980.
  597. Novacek G, Kapiotis S, Jilma B, et al. Enhanced blood coagulation and enhanced fibrinolysis during hemodialysis with prostacyclin. Thromb Res 1997; 88: 283-290.
  598. Swartz RD, Flamenbaum W, Dubrow A, et al. Epoprostenol (PGI2, prostacyclin) during high-risk hemodialysis: preventing further bleeding complications. J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 28: 818-825.
  599. Monchi M, Berghmans D, Ledoux D, et al. Citrate vs. heparin for anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a prospective randomized study. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 260-265.
  600. Kutsogiannis DJ, Gibney RT, Stollery D, et al. Regional citrate versus systemic heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement in critically ill patients. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 2361-2367.
  601. Betjes MG, van Oosterom D, van Agteren M, et al. Regional citrate versus heparin anticoagulation during venovenous hemofiltration in patients at low risk for bleeding: similar hemofilter survival but significantly less bleeding. J Nephrol 2007; 20: 602-608.
  602. 601a. Hetzel GR, Schmitz, Wissing H, et al. Regional citrate versus systemic heparin for anticoagulation in critically ill patients on continuous venovenous haemofiltration: a prospective randomized multicentre trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 232-239.
  603. 601b. Park JS, Kim GH, Kang CM, et al. Regional anticoagulation with citrate is superior to systemic anticoagulation with heparin in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Korean J Intern Med 2011; 26: 68-75.
  604. Fealy N, Baldwin I, Johnstone M, et al. A pilot randomized controlled crossover study comparing regional heparinization to regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Int J Artif Organs 2007; 30: 301-307.
  605. Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Bosman RJ, Koopmans M, et al. Citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 545-552.
  606. Mehta RL, McDonald BR, Aguilar MM, et al. Regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis in critically ill patients. Kidney Int 1990; 38: 976-981.
  607. Morgera S, Scholle C, Voss G, et al. Metabolic complications during regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemodialysis: single-center experience. Nephron Clin Pract 2004; 97: c131-136.
  608. Thoenen M, Schmid ER, Binswanger U, et al. Regional citrate anticoagulation using a citrate-based substitution solution for continuous venovenous hemofiltration in cardiac surgery patients. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002; 114: 108-114.
  609. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy: a worldwide practice survey. The beginning and ending supportive therapy for the kidney (B.E.S.T. kidney) investigators. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 1563-1570.
  610. Apsner R, Schwarzenhofer M, Derfler K, et al. Impairment of citrate metabolism in acute hepatic failure. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1997; 109: 123-127.
  611. Durao MS, Monte JC, Batista MC, et al. The use of regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 3024-3029.
  612. Kramer L, Bauer E, Joukhadar C, et al. Citrate pharmacokinetics and metabolism in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 2450-2455.
  613. Hetzel GR, Taskaya G, Sucker C, et al. Citrate plasma levels in patients under regional anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: 806-811.
  614. Meier-Kriesche HU, Gitomer J, Finkel K, et al. Increased total to ionized calcium ratio during continuous venovenous hemodialysis with regional citrate anticoagulation. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 748-752.
  615. Bakker AJ, Boerma EC, Keidel H, et al. Detection of citrate overdose in critically ill patients on citrate-anticoagulated venovenous haemofiltration: use of ionised and total/ionised calcium. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44: 962-966.
  616. Davies HT, Leslie G, Pereira SM, et al. A randomized comparative crossover study to assess the affect on circuit life of varying pre-dilution volume associated with CVVH and CVVHDF. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 221-227.
  617. Holt AW, Bierer P, Bersten AD, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: monitoring circuit function. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996; 24: 423-429.
  618. Joannidis M, Kountchev J, Rauchenzauner M, et al. Enoxaparin vs. unfractionated heparin for anticoagulation during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration: a randomized controlled crossover study. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 1571-1579.
  619. Stefanidis I, Hagel J, Frank D, et al. Hemostatic alterations during continuous venovenous hemofiltration in acute renal failure. Clin Nephrol 1996; 46: 199-205.
  620. van de Wetering J, Westendorp RG, van der Hoeven JG, et al. Heparin use in continuous renal replacement procedures: the struggle between filter coagulation and patient hemorrhage. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 145-150.
  621. Yang RL, Liu DW. [Clinical evaluation of hemofiltration without anticoagulation in critically ill patients at high risk of bleeding]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2007; 29: 651-655.
  622. Reeves JH, Cumming AR, Gallagher L, et al. A controlled trial of low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) versus unfractionated heparin as anticoagulant during continuous venovenous hemodialysis with filtration. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 2224-2228.
  623. de Pont AC, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Roozendaal KJ, et al. Nadroparin versus dalteparin anticoagulation in high-volume, continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 421-425.
  624. Birnbaum J, Spies CD, Klotz E, et al. Iloprost for additional anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy-a pilot study. Ren Fail 2007; 29: 271-277.
  625. Kozek-Langenecker SA, Spiss CK, Gamsjager T, et al. Anticoagulation with prostaglandins and unfractionated heparin during continuous venovenous haemofiltration: a randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002; 114: 96-101.
  626. Fabbri LP, Nucera M, Al Malyan M, et al. Regional anticoagulation and antiaggregation for CVVH in critically ill patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 92-97.
  627. Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Rotelli C, et al. Continuous haemofiltration in acute renal failure with prostacyclin as the sole anti-haemostatic agent. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 586-593.
  628. Langenecker SA, Felfernig M, Werba A, et al. Anticoagulation with prostacyclin and heparin during continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1774-1781.
  629. Biancofiore G, Esposito M, Bindi L, et al. Regional filter heparinization for continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in liver transplant recipients. Minerva Anestesiol 2003; 69: 527-534; 534-528.
  630. Kaplan AA, Petrillo R. Regional heparinization for continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH). ASAIO Trans 1987; 33: 312-315.
  631. Carr JA, Silverman N. The heparin-protamine interaction. A review. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1999; 40: 659-666.
  632. Lasocki S, Piednoir P, Ajzenberg N, et al. Anti-PF4/heparin antibodies associated with repeated hemofiltration-filter clotting: a retrospective study. Crit Care 2008; 12: R84.
  633. Lo GK, Juhl D, Warkentin TE, et al. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T’s) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 759-765.
  634. O’Shea SI, Ortel TL, Kovalik EC. Alternative methods of anticoagulation for dialysis-dependent patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Dial 2003; 16: 61-67.
  635. Davenport A. Anticoagulation options for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring renal support in the intensive care unit. Contrib Nephrol 2007; 156: 259-266.
  636. Hursting MJ, Murray PT. Argatroban anticoagulation in renal dysfunction: a literature analysis. Nephron Clin Pract 2008; 109: c80-94.
  637. Link A, Girndt M, Selejan S, et al. Argatroban for anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 105-110.
  638. Brophy PD, Somers MJ, Baum MA, et al. Multi-centre evaluation of anticoagulation in patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1416-1421.
  639. Bunchman TE, Maxvold NJ, Barnett J, et al. Pediatric hemofiltration: Normocarb dialysate solution with citrate anticoagulation. Pediatr Nephrol 2002; 17: 150-154.
  640. Bunchman TE, Maxvold NJ, Brophy PD. Pediatric convective hemofiltration: Normocarb replacement fluid and citrate anticoagulation. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 1248-1252.
  641. Klouche K, Amigues L, Deleuze S, et al. Complications, effects on dialysis dose, and survival of tunneled femoral dialysis catheters in acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49: 99-108.
  642. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for 2006 updates: vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: S176-S307.
  643. O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23: 759-769.
  644. Leblanc M, Fedak S, Mokris G, et al. Blood recirculation in temporary central catheters for acute hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 1996; 45: 315-319.
  645. Little MA, Conlon PJ, Walshe JJ. Access recirculation in temporary hemodialysis catheters as measured by the saline dilution technique. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 1135-1139.
  646. Oliver MJ. Acute dialysis catheters. Semin Dial 2001; 14: 432-435.
  647. 645.Twardowski ZJ. History of peritoneal access development. Int J Artif Organs 2006; 29: 2-40.
  648. Ronco C, Dell’Aquila R. Peritoneal access for acute peritoneal dialysis. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J (eds). Critical Care Nephrology, 2nd Edn. Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, 2009, pp 1467-1471.
  649. Asif A, Byers P, Vieira CF, et al. Peritoneoscopic placement of peritoneal dialysis catheter and bowel perforation: experience of an interventional nephrology program. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 1270-1274.
  650. Maya ID. Ultrasound/fluoroscopy-assisted placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters. Semin Dial 2007; 20: 611-615.
  651. Schmidt SC, Pohle C, Langrehr JM, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters: implantation technique and results. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2007; 17: 596-599.
  652. Cimochowski GE, Worley E, Rutherford WE, et al. Superiority of the internal jugular over the subclavian access for temporary dialysis. Nephron 1990; 54: 154-161.
  653. Schillinger F, Schillinger D, Montagnac R, et al. Post catheterisation vein stenosis in haemodialysis: comparative angiographic study of 50 subclavian and 50 internal jugular accesses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991; 6: 722-724.
  654. Oguzkurt L, Tercan F, Torun D, et al. Impact of short-term hemodialysis catheters on the central veins: a catheter venographic study. Eur J Radiol 2004; 52: 293-299.
  655. Taal MW, Chesterton LJ, McIntyre CW. Venography at insertion of tunnelled internal jugular vein dialysis catheters reveals significant occult stenosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1542-1545.
  656. Agarwal AK, Patel BM, Haddad NJ. Central vein stenosis: a nephrologist’s perspective. Semin Dial 2007; 20: 53-62.
  657. Puel V, Caudry M, Le Metayer P, et al. Superior vena cava thrombosis related to catheter malposition in cancer chemotherapy given through implanted ports. Cancer 1993; 72: 2248-2252.
  658. Yevzlin AS. Hemodialysis catheter-associated central venous stenosis. Semin Dial 2008; 21: 522-527.
  659. Pronovost P. Interventions to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU: the Keystone Intensive Care Unit Project. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36: S171 e171-175.
  660. Parienti JJ, Thirion M, Megarbane B, et al. Femoral vs jugular venous catheterization and risk of nosocomial events in adults requiring acute renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299: 2413-2422.
  661. Hryszko T, Brzosko S, Mazerska M, et al. Risk factors of nontunneled noncuffed hemodialysis catheter malfunction. A prospective study. Nephron Clin Pract 2004; 96: c43-47.
  662. Liangos O, Rao M, Ruthazer R, et al. Factors associated with urea reduction ratio in acute renal failure. Artif Organs 2004; 28: 1076-1081.
  663. Naumovic RT, Jovanovic DB, Djukanovic LJ. Temporary vascular catheters for hemodialysis: a 3-year prospective study. Int J Artif Organs 2004; 27: 848-854.
  664. Oliver MJ, Edwards LJ, Treleaven DJ, et al. Randomized study of temporary hemodialysis catheters. Int J Artif Organs 2002; 25: 40-44.
  665. Parienti JJ, Megarbane B, Fischer MO, et al. Catheter dysfunction and dialysis performance according to vascular access among 736 critically ill adults requiring renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled study. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 1118-1125.
  666. Marschall J, Mermel LA, Classen D, et al. Strategies to prevent central lineassociated bloodstream infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29 (Suppl 1): S22-30.
  667. Pratt RJ, Pellowe CM, Wilson JA, et al. epic2: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65 (Suppl 1): S1-64.
  668. Kusminsky RE. Complications of central venous catheterization. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204: 681-696.
  669. McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1123-1133.
  670. Hind D, Calvert N, McWilliams R, et al. Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis. BMJ 2003; 327: 361.
  671. Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, et al. Ultrasound guidance for placement of central venous catheters: a meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 2053-2058.
  672. Karakitsos D, Labropoulos N, De Groot E, et al. Real-time ultrasound-guided catheterisation of the internal jugular vein: a prospective comparison with the landmark technique in critical care patients. Crit Care 2006; 10: R162.
  673. Leung J, Duffy M, Finckh A. Real-time ultrasonographically-guided internal jugular vein catheterization in the emergency department increases success rates and reduces complications: a randomized, prospective study. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 48: 540-547.
  674. Bansal R, Agarwal SK, Tiwari SC, et al. A prospective randomized study to compare ultrasound-guided with nonultrasound-guided double lumen internal jugular catheter insertion as a temporary hemodialysis access. Ren Fail 2005; 27: 561-564.
  675. Farrell J, Gellens M. Ultrasound-guided cannulation versus the landmarkguided technique for acute haemodialysis access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: 1234-1237.
  676. Gallieni M. Central vein catheterization of dialysis patients with real time ultrasound guidance. J Vasc Access 2000; 1: 10-14.
  677. Kwon TH, Kim YL, Cho DK. Ultrasound-guided cannulation of the femoral vein for acute haemodialysis access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: 1009-1012.
  678. Lin BS, Huang TP, Tang GJ, et al. Ultrasound-guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein for dialysis vascular access in uremic patients. Nephron 1998; 78: 423-428.
  679. Nadig C, Leidig M, Schmiedeke T, et al. The use of ultrasound for the placement of dialysis catheters. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 978-981.
  680. Zollo A, Cavatorta F, Galli S. Ultrasound-guided cannulation of the femoral vein for acute hemodialysis access with silicone catheters. J Vasc Access 2001; 2: 56-59.
  681. Schummer W, Sakr Y, Schummer C. Towards optimal central venous catheter tip position. In: Vincent J-L (ed). Intensive Care Medicine. Springer Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2008, pp 581-590.
  682. Vesely TM. Central venous catheter tip position: a continuing controversy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14: 527-534.
  683. Hsu JH, Wang CK, Chu KS, et al. Comparison of radiographic landmarks and the echocardiographic SVC/RA junction in the positioning of longterm central venous catheters. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50: 731-735.
  684. James MT, Conley J, Tonelli M, et al. Meta-analysis: antibiotics for prophylaxis against hemodialysis catheter-related infections. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 596-605.
  685. Jaffer Y, Selby NM, Taal MW, et al. A meta-analysis of hemodialysis catheter locking solutions in the prevention of catheter-related infection. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51: 233-241.
  686. Labriola L, Crott R, Jadoul M. Preventing haemodialysis catheter-related bacteraemia with an antimicrobial lock solution: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1666-1672.
  687. Yahav D, Rozen-Zvi B, Gafter-Gvili A, et al. Antimicrobial lock solutions for the prevention of infections associated with intravascular catheters in patients undergoing hemodialysis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 83-93.
  688. Hackbarth R, Bunchman TE, Chua AN, et al. The effect of vascular access location and size on circuit survival in pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy: a report from the PPCRRT registry. Int J Artif Organs 2007; 30: 1116-1121.
  689. Bunchman TE, Brophy PD, Goldstein SL. Technical considerations for renal replacement therapy in children. Semin Nephrol 2008; 28: 488-492.
  690. McDonald SP, Craig JC. Long-term survival of children with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2654-2662.
  691. Chadha V, Warady BA, Blowey DL, et al. Tenckhoff catheters prove superior to cook catheters in pediatric acute peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: 1111-1116.
  692. Auron A, Warady BA, Simon S, et al. Use of the multipurpose drainage catheter for the provision of acute peritoneal dialysis in infants and children. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49: 650-655.
  693. Modi GK, Pereira BJ, Jaber BL. Hemodialysis in acute renal failure: does the membrane matter? Semin Dial 2001; 14: 318-321.
  694. Canivet E, Lavaud S, Wong T, et al. Cuprophane but not synthetic membrane induces increases in serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels during hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 41-46.
  695. Marchant A, Tielemans C, Husson C, et al. Cuprophane haemodialysis induces upregulation of LPS receptor (CD14) on monocytes: role of complement activation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 657-662.
  696. Patarca R, Perez G, Gonzalez A, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of acute immunological changes induced by cuprophane and polysulfone membranes in a patient on chronic hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 1992; 12: 274-278.
  697. Puentes F, Pons H, Rodriguez-Iturbe B. Hemodialysis with cuprophane membranes is associated with a reduction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressing VLA-4 cell adhesion molecule. Clin Nephrol 1994; 42: 278-279.
  698. Schaefer RM, Huber L, Gilge U, et al. Clinical evaluation of a new high-flux cellulose acetate membrane. Int J Artif Organs 1989; 12: 85-90.
  699. Walker RJ, Sutherland WH, De Jong SA. Effect of changing from a cellulose acetate to a polysulphone dialysis membrane on protein oxidation and inflammation markers. Clin Nephrol 2004; 61: 198-206.
  700. Itoh S, Susuki C, Tsuji T. Platelet activation through interaction with hemodialysis membranes induces neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 77: 294-303.
  701. Hakim RM, Schafer AI. Hemodialysis-associated platelet activation and thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 1985; 78: 575-580.
  702. Sirolli V, Strizzi L, Di Stante S, et al. Platelet activation and plateleterythrocyte aggregates in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 834-839.
  703. Takeshita K, Susuki C, Itoh S, et al. Preventive effect of alpha-tocopherol and glycyrrhizin against platelet-neutrophil complex formation induced by hemodialysis membranes. Int J Artif Organs 2009; 32: 282-290.
  704. Alonso A, Lau J, Jaber BL. Biocompatible hemodialysis membranes for acute renal failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008: CD005283.
  705. Brophy PD, Mottes TA, Kudelka TL, et al. AN-69 membrane reactions are pH-dependent and preventable. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38: 173-178.
  706. Hackbarth RM, Eding D, Gianoli Smith C, et al. Zero balance ultrafiltration (Z-BUF) in blood-primed CRRT circuits achieves electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis prior to patient connection. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20: 1328-1333.
  707. Pasko DA, Mottes TA, Mueller BA. Pre dialysis of blood prime in continuous hemodialysis normalizes pH and electrolytes. Pediatr Nephrol 2003; 18: 1177-1183.
  708. Perez-Garcia R, Galan A, Garcia Vinuesa M, et al. Anaphylactoid reactions during hemodialysis on AN69 membranes: role of ACE inhibitors and back-filtration. Nephron 1992; 61: 123.
  709. Petrie JJ, Campbell Y, Hawley CM, et al. Anaphylactoid reactions in patients on hemodiafiltration with AN69 membranes whilst receiving ACE inhibitors. Clin Nephrol 1991; 36: 264-265.
  710. Tielemans C, Madhoun P, Lenaers M, et al. Anaphylactoid reactions during hemodialysis on AN69 membranes in patients receiving ACE inhibitors. Kidney Int 1990; 38: 982-984.
  711. Desormeaux A, Moreau ME, Lepage Y, et al. The effect of electronegativity and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the kinin-forming capacity of polyacrylonitrile dialysis membranes. Biomaterials 2008; 29: 1139-1146.
  712. RENAL Study Investigators. Renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units: a practice survey. Crit Care Resusc 2008; 10: 225-230.
  713. Gatward JJ, Gibbon GJ, Wrathall G, et al. Renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure: a survey of practice in adult intensive care units in the United Kingdom. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 959-966.
  714. Langford S, Slivar S, Tucker SM, et al. Exploring CRRT practices in ICU: a survey of Canadian hospitals. Dynamics 2008; 19: 18-23.
  715. Rabindranath K, Adams J, Macleod AM, et al. Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD003773.
  716. Bagshaw SM, Berthiaume LR, Delaney A, et al. Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 610-617.
  717. Pannu N, Klarenbach S,Wiebe N, et al. Renal replacement therapy in patients with acute renal failure: a systematic review. JAMA 2008; 299: 793-805.
  718. Lins RL, Elseviers MM, Van der Niepen P, et al. Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury patients admitted to the intensive care unit: results of a randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 512-518.
  719. Farese S, Jakob SM, Kalicki R, et al. Treatment of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: lower costs by intermittent dialysis than continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Artif Organs 2009; 33: 634-640.
  720. Klarenbach S, Manns B, Pannu N, et al. Economic evaluation of continuous renal replacement therapy in acute renal failure. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2009; 25: 331-338.
  721. Srisawat N, Lawsin L, Uchino S, et al. Cost of acute renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: results from The Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) study. Crit Care 2010; 14: R46.
  722. Bell M, Granath F, Schon S, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with less chronic renal failure than intermittent haemodialysis after acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 773-780.
  723. Jacka MJ, Ivancinova X, Gibney RT. Continuous renal replacement therapy improves renal recovery from acute renal failure. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52: 327-332.
  724. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, et al. Patient and kidney survival by dialysis modality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 2007; 30: 281-292.
  725. Kielstein JT, Schiffer M, Hafer C. Back to the future: extended dialysis for treatment of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. J Nephrol 2010; 23: 494-501.
  726. Kielstein JT, Kretschmer U, Ernst T, et al. Efficacy and cardiovascular tolerability of extended dialysis in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: 342-349.
  727. Baldwin I, Bellomo R, Naka T, et al. A pilot randomized controlled comparison of extended daily dialysis with filtration and continuous venovenous hemofiltration: fluid removal and hemodynamics. Int J Artif Organs 2007; 30: 1083-1089.
  728. Baldwin I, Naka T, Koch B, et al. A pilot randomised controlled comparison of continuous veno-venous haemofiltration and extended daily dialysis with filtration: effect on small solutes and acid-base balance. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 830-835.
  729. Marshall MR, Creamer JM, Foster M, et al. Mortality rate comparison after switching from continuous to prolonged intermittent renal replacement for acute kidney injury in three intensive care units from different countries. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:2169-2175.
  730. Fieghen HE, Friedrich JO, Burns KE, et al. The hemodynamic tolerability and feasibility of sustained low efficiency dialysis in the management of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. BMC Nephrol 2010; 11: 32.
  731. Davenport A. Continuous renal replacement therapies in patients with acute neurological injury. Semin Dial 2009; 22: 165-168.
  732. Bagshaw SM, Peets AD, Hameed M, et al. Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome: brain death following hemodialysis for metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure-a case report. BMC Nephrol 2004; 5: 9.
  733. Lin CM, Lin JW, Tsai JT, et al. Intracranial pressure fluctuation during hemodialysis in renal failure patients with intracranial hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2008; 101: 141-144.
  734. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Brendolan A, et al. Brain density changes during renal replacement in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. Continuous hemofiltration versus intermittent hemodialysis. J Nephrol 1999; 12: 173-178.
  735. Paganini EP, Sandy D, Moreno L, et al. The effect of sodium and ultrafiltration modelling on plasma volume changes and haemodynamic stability in intensive care patients receiving haemodialysis for acute renal failure: a prospective, stratified, randomized, cross-over study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11 (Suppl 8): 32-37.
  736. Schortgen F, Soubrier N, Delclaux C, et al. Hemodynamic tolerance of intermittent hemodialysis in critically ill patients: usefulness of practice guidelines. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 197-202.
  737. Bargman JM. New technologies in peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 576-580.
  738. Chionh CY, Soni S, Cruz DN, et al. Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury: techniques and dose. Contrib Nephrol 2009; 163: 278-284.
  739. Ronco C, Amerling R. Continuous flow peritoneal dialysis: current state-ofthe- art and obstacles to further development. Contrib Nephrol 2006; 150: 310-320.
  740. Phu NH, Hien TT, Mai NT, et al. Hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis in infection-associated acute renal failure in Vietnam. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 895-902.
  741. Gabriel DP, Caramori JT, Martim LC, et al. High volume peritoneal dialysis vs daily hemodialysis: a randomized, controlled trial in patients with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2008: S87-93.
  742. Vachvanichsanong P, Dissaneewate P, Lim A, et al. Childhood acute renal failure: 22-year experience in a university hospital in southern Thailand. Pediatrics 2006; 118: e786-791.
  743. Bailey D, Phan V, Litalien C, et al. Risk factors of acute renal failure in critically ill children: A prospective descriptive epidemiological study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 8: 29-35.
  744. Bunchman TE, Maxvold NJ, Kershaw DB, et al. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in infants and children. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25: 17-21.
  745. Sadowski RH, Harmon WE, Jabs K. Acute hemodialysis of infants weighing less than five kilograms. Kidney Int 1994; 45: 903-906.
  746. Symons JM, Brophy PD, Gregory MJ, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy in children up to 10 kg. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 984-989.
  747. Warady BA, Bunchman T. Dialysis therapy for children with acute renal failure: survey results. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 15: 11-13.
  748. Bunchman TE, McBryde KD, Mottes TE, et al. Pediatric acute renal failure: outcome by modality and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2001; 16: 1067-1071.
  749. Flores FX, Brophy PD, Symons JM, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) after stem cell transplantation. A report from the prospective pediatric CRRT Registry Group. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23: 625-630.
  750. Noris M, Todeschini M, Casiraghi F, et al. Effect of acetate, bicarbonate dialysis, and acetate-free biofiltration on nitric oxide synthesis: implications for dialysis hypotension. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 115-124.
  751. Levraut J, Ichai C, Petit I, et al. Low exogenous lactate clearance as an early predictor of mortality in normolactatemic critically ill septic patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 705-710.
  752. Veech RL. The untoward effects of the anions of dialysis fluids. Kidney Int 1988; 34: 587-597.
  753. Barenbrock M, Hausberg M, Matzkies F, et al. Effects of bicarbonate- and lactate-buffered replacement fluids on cardiovascular outcome in CVVH patients. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 1751-1757.
  754. McLean AG, Davenport A, Cox D, et al. Effects of lactate-buffered and lactate-free dialysate in CAVHD patients with and without liver dysfunction. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 1765-1772.
  755. Thomas AN, Guy JM, Kishen R, et al. Comparison of lactate and bicarbonate buffered haemofiltration fluids: use in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: 1212-1217.
  756. Tan HK, Uchino S, Bellomo R. The acid-base effects of continuous hemofiltration with lactate or bicarbonate buffered replacement fluids. Int J Artif Organs 2003; 26: 477-483.
  757. Zimmerman D, Cotman P, Ting R, et al. Continuous veno-venous haemodialysis with a novel bicarbonate dialysis solution: prospective cross-over comparison with a lactate buffered solution. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 2387-2391.
  758. Holloway P, Benham S, St John A. The value of blood lactate measurements in ICU: an evaluation of the role in the management of patients on haemofiltration. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 307: 9-13.
  759. Ledebo I. On-line preparation of solutions for dialysis: practical aspects versus safety and regulations. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13 (Suppl 1): S78-83.
  760. Marshall MR, Ma T, Galler D, et al. Sustained low-efficiency daily diafiltration (SLEDD-f) for critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy: towards an adequate therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 877-884.
  761. Ronco C. Backfiltration in clinical dialysis: nature of the phenomenon, mechanisms and possible solutions. Int J Artif Organs 1990; 13: 11-21.
  762. Kanagasundaram NS, Larive AB, Paganini EP. A preliminary survey of bacterial contamination of the dialysate circuit in continuous veno-venous hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 2003; 59: 47-55.
  763. Moore I, Bhat R, Hoenich NA, et al. A microbiological survey of bicarbonate-based replacement circuits in continuous veno-venous hemofiltration. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 496-500.
  764. Ward RA. Worldwide guidelines for the preparation and quality management of dialysis fluid and their implementation. Blood Purif 2009; 27 (Suppl 1): 2-4.
  765. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Water for Hemodialysis and Related Therapies. ANSI/AAMI/ISO 13959:2009. AAMI: Arlington, VA, 2010.
  766. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Concentrates for Hemodialysis and Related Therapies. ANSI/AAMI/ISO 13958:2009. AAMI: Arlington, VA, 2011.
  767. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Quality of Dialysis Fluid for Hemodialysis and Related Therapies. ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11663:2009. AAMI: Arlington, VA, 2010.
  768. 765a. European best practice guidelines for haemodialysis (Part 1). Section IV: Dialysis fluid purity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17 (Suppl): 45-62.
  769. Kolff WJ. First clinical experience with the artificial kidney. Ann Intern Med 1965; 62: 608-619.
  770. Davenport A, Bouman C, Kirpalani A, et al. Delivery of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: what are the key issues? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 869-875.
  771. Faulhaber-Walter R, Hafer C, Jahr N, et al. The Hannover Dialysis Outcome study: comparison of standard versus intensified extended dialysis for treatment of patients with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 2179-2186.
  772. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 26-30.
  773. Saudan P, Niederberger M, De Seigneux S, et al. Adding a dialysis dose to continuous hemofiltration increases survival in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 1312-1317.
  774. Schiffl H, Lang SM, Fischer R. Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 305-310.
  775. Tolwani AJ, Campbell RC, Stofan BS, et al. Standard versus high-dose CVVHDF for ICU-related acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 1233-1238.
  776. Paganini EP, Tapolyai M, Goormastic M, et al. Establishing a dialysis therapy/patient outcome link in intensive care unit acute dialysis for patients with acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28 (Suppl 3): S81-S89.
  777. Ricci Z, Ronco C, D’Amico G, et al. Practice patterns in the management of acute renal failure in the critically ill patient: an international survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 690-696.
  778. Ikizler TA, Sezer MT, Flakoll PJ, et al. Urea space and total body water measurements by stable isotopes in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 725-732.
  779. Evanson JA, Ikizler TA, Wingard R, et al. Measurement of the delivery of dialysis in acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1501-1508.
  780. Evanson JA, Himmelfarb J, Wingard R, et al. Prescribed versus delivered dialysis in acute renal failure patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 731-738.
  781. Schiffl H. Disease severity adversely affects delivery of dialysis in acute renal failure. Nephron Clin Pract 2007; 107: c163-169.
  782. Gotch FA, Sargent JA. A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int 1985; 28: 526-534.
  783. Held PJ, Port FK, Wolfe RA, et al. The dose of hemodialysis and patient mortality. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 550-556.
  784. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, et al. Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 2010-2019.
  785. Venkataraman R, Kellum JA, Palevsky P. Dosing patterns for continuous renal replacement therapy at a large academic medical center in the United States. J Crit Care 2002; 17: 246-250.
  786. Boussekey N, Chiche A, Faure K, et al. A pilot randomized study comparing high and low volume hemofiltration on vasopressor use in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 1646-1653.

Другие статьи по теме


Навигация по статьям
<< Предыдущая
Следующая >>
Разделы журнала
Наиболее читаемые статьи

Клинические Практические Рекомендации KDIGO по Острому Почечному Повреждению

Бикбов Б.Т., Томилина Н.А.,  К вопросу об эпидемиологии острого почечного повреждения в Российской Федерации: анализ данных регистра заместительной почечной терапии Российского диализного общества за 2008-2012 гг  2484

Земченков А.Ю.,  Заместительная почечная терапия в новых нормативных документах (Изменения в нормативных документах, вышедших в конце 2014 года, и их влияние на условия оказания медицинской помощи пациентам, нуждающимся в заместительной почечной терапии)  2359

Журнал "Нефрология и диализ"
Главная
Последний номер
Архив номеров
Подписка
Контакты