<< Вернуться к списку статей журнала

Том 5 №1 2003 год - Нефрология и диализ

Проблема сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний при хронической почечной недостаточности

Томилина Н.А. Волгина Г.В. Бикбов Б.Т. Ким И.Г.

Аннотация: Проблема кардиоваскулярной патологии при хронической почечной недостаточности (ХПН) является одной из наиболее актуальных в современной нефрологии. Это определяется тем, что сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) при терминальной ХПН возникают в среднем в 20-35 раз чаще, чем в общей популяции, и показатели кардиоваскулярной летальности в группах, сопоставимых по полу и возрасту, многократно превышают таковые в общей популяции [18, 23, 24, 51, 77, 86, 88, 117]. Так, у больных в возрасте 25-34 лет они в 120 раз выше, чем в той же возрастной группе в общей популяции. Для возрастной группы 55-64 лет это соотношение составляет 1:15, а для больных старше 85 лет - 1:3 [135]. Только патология сердца составляет в общей структуре смертности диализных больных 47% [150]. По данным Московского регистра больных с ХПН, удельный вес кардиоваскулярной летальности достигал в 1995-2000 гг. 42,3% в группе леченных перитонеальным диализом и 45,5% в популяции гемодиализных больных (рис. 1). После трансплантации почки ССЗ сохраняют свое лидирующее значение в структуре летальности. По данным Ojo и соавт. [113], они составляют 36% среди причин смерти реципиентов с функционирующим трансплантатом. По нашим собственным данным, основанным на 7-летних наблюдениях 314 пациентов, оперированных в 1995-1996 гг., величина этого показателя достигает 41%

Для цитирования: Томилина Н.А., Волгина Г.В., Бикбов Б.Т., Ким И.Г. Проблема сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний при хронической почечной недостаточности. Нефрология и диализ. 2003. 5(1):15-24. doi:

Весь текст

Ключевые слова: хроническая почечная недостаточность, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, факторы риска, ишемическая болезнь сердца, гипертрофия миокарда, фосфорно-кальциевый обмен

Список литературы:

1. Шутов А.М., Куликова Е.С., Ивашкина Т.Н., Кондратьева Н.И. Анемия и диастолическая функция левого желудочка у больных с додиализной хронической почечной недостаточностью.
2. Agodoa L.Y., Eggers P.W. Renal replacement therapy in the United States: data from the United States renal data system. Amer J Kidney Dis, 1995; 25 (1): 119-33.
3. Amann K., Gross M.L., London G.M. et al. Hyperphosphatemia - a silent killer of patients with renal failure? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 2085-2087.
4. Amann K., Neususs R., Ritz E. et al. Changes of vascular archirecture independent of blood pressure in experimental uremia. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 409-417.
5. Amann K., Rits E. Cardiac disease in chronic uraemia: pathophysiology. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1997; 4: 212-224.
6. Amann K., Rits E. Structural basis of cardiovascular dysfunction in uraemia. In: Cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal failure. Ed. J. Loscaizo, G.M. London. Oxford 2000; 59-82.
7. Amann K., Ritz E., Wiest G., Klaus G., Mall G. A role of parathyroid hormone for activation of cardiac fibroblast in uraemia. J Amer Soc Nephrol 1994; 4 (10): 1814-1819.
8. Asirvatham S., Sebastian C., Sivaram C.A., Kaufman C., Chandrasekaran K. Aortic valve involvement in calciphylaxix: uremic small artery disease with medial calcification and intimal hyperplasia. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1998; 32 (2): 499-502.
9. Attman P.Q., Samuelsson O., Alupovic P. Lipoprotein metabolism in renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 21: 573-592.
10. Attval S., Fowelin J., Lager I., Smith U. Smoking induces insulin resistance: a potential link with the insulin resistance syndrome. J Intern Med 1993; 233: 327-332.
11. Avram M.M., Goldwasser P., Burrel D.E. et al. The uremic dyslipidemia: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 20: 324-335.
12. Baker K.M., Chernin M.I., Wixson S.K., Aceto J.F. Renin-angiotensin system involvement in pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy in rat. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: 324-332.
13. Besker B.N., Himmelfarb J., Henrich W.L., Hakim R.M. Reassessing the cardiac risk profile in chronic hemodialysis patients: a hypothesis on the role of oxidant stress and other non-traditional cardiac risk factors. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997; 8: 475-486.
14. Block G.A. Prevalence and clinical consequences of elevated Ca × P product in haemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 2000; 54: 318-324.
15. Block G.A., Hulbert-Shearon T.E., Levin N.W., Port F.K. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic haemodialysis patients: a national study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 607-617.
16. Bloembergen W.E., Carroll C., Gillespie B. Why do males with ESRD have higher mortality than famales? J Amer Soc Nephrology 1996; 7: 1440.
17. Brown J.H., Hunt L.P., Vites N.P. et al. Comparative mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: 1136-1142.
18. Brunner F.P., Selwood N.H. on behalf of the EDTA Registry Committee. Profile of patients on RRT in Europe and death rates due to major causes of death groups. Kidney Int 1992: 42 [Suppl 38]: 4-15.
19. Canadian Organ Replacement Register: 1993 Annual Report. Don Mills, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Institute for Health Information, 1995; 113.
20. Cannella G., Paoletti E., Delfino R. et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive dialyzed uremic patients on long-term antihypertensive therapy. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 881-886.
21. Castellano M., Muiesan M.L., Beschi M. et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor A/C1166 polymorphism: relationship with blood pressure and cardiovascular structure. Hypertention 1996; 28: 1076-1080.
22. Charra B., Bergstrom J., Scribner B.H. Blood pressure control in dialysis patients: importance of the lag phenomenon. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 720-724.
23. Churchill D.N., Taylor D.W., Cook R.J. et al. Canadian hemodialysis morbidity studies. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 19: 214-234.
24. Collins A.J., Shuling L., Jennie Z., Herzog C. Cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38 (4), suppl. 1: 26-29.
25. Conte F., Limido A., Malberti F. et al. Registro Lomdardo Dialisi e Trapianto. Aggiornamento al. 31/12/1996. Annual Report Regione Lombardia-Direzione Generale Santa, Milano: 21.12.1998.
26. Coratelli P., Buongiorno E., Petrarulo F. et al. Pathogenetic aspects of uremic cardiomyopathy. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1989; 15: 1-8.
27. Crozier I.G., Richads A.M., Ikram H., Nicholls M.D. The renin-angiotensin system, ACE-inhibitors and cardiac structure. The renin-angiotensin system. Eds. I.R.S. Robertson, M.G. Nicholls. London-New-Iork 2: 94: 94.1-94.9, 1993.
28. Culleton B.F., Larson M.G., Wilson P.W.F. et al. Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 1999; 56: 2214-2219.
29. Dahlof B., Pennert K., Hansson L. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. A meta-analysis of 109 treatment studies. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 95-110.
30. De Lima J.J.G., Abensur H., Bermardez-Silva H. et al. Role of arterial hypertention in left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients: an echocardiographic study. Cardiology 1992; 80: 161-167.
31. De Lima J.J.G., Vieira M.L.C., Abensur H., Krieger M. Baseline blood pressure and other variables influencing survival on hemodialysis of patients without overt cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 793-797.
32. De Santo N.G., Cirillo M., Perna A. et al. The heart in uremia: role of hypertension, hypotension, sleep apnea. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38 (4), suppl 1: 38-46.
33. De Simone G., Devereux R.B., Roman M.J. et al. Echocardiographic left ventricular mass and electrolyte intake predicts arterial hypertention. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 202-229.
34. Disney A.P. Demografy and survival of patients receiving treatment for chronic renal failure in Australia and New Zealand: Report of dialysis and renal transplantaition treatment from the Australia and New Zealand dialysis and transplant registry. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25: 165-175.
35. Disney A.P.S. Some trends in chronic renal replacement therapy in Australia and New Zealand 1994. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 854-859.
36. Drew P.J.T., Cunnincham J., Evans S.J.W. et al. The effect of cigarette smoking and previous hypertention on the survial of patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Bull 1985; 5: 27-30.
37. Ducimetiere P., Richard J.L. Dietary lipids and coronary disease: in there a French paradox? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1992; 2: 195-201.
38. Duprez D., Bauwens F., De Buyzere M. et al. Relationship between parathyroid hormone and left ventricular mass in moderate essential hypertention. J Hypertens 1991; 9 (suppl. 6): 116-117.
39. Eskardt K.U. Cardiovascular cosequences of renal anaemia and erythropoietin therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 1317-1323.
40. Facchini F.C., Hollenbeck C.B., Jeppesen J. et al. Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking. Lancet 1992; 339: 1128-1130.
41. Farraneh-Far A., Prondfoot D., Shanahan C., Weissberg P.L. Vascular and valvular calcification: recent advances. Heat 2001; 85: 13-17.
42. Foley R.N., Parfrey H.S., Harnett J.D. et al. Impact of hypertension on cardiomyopathy, morbididy and mortality in end stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1379-1385.
43. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S. Cardiac disease in chronic uremia: clinical outcome and risk factors. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1997; 4: 234-248.
44. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S. Cardiac function and cardiac disease in renal failure. Primer on kidney disease. Ed. A. Greenberg. Academic Press, 1998, 455-459.
45. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D. et al. Clinical and echocardiographic disease in end-stage renal disease: prevalence, associations and prognosis. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 186-192.
46. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D. et al. Hypoalbuminemia, cardiac morbidity and mortality in end stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 728-736.
47. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D. et al. The impact of anaemia on cardiomyopathy, morbidity and mortality in end stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 53-61.
48. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Kent G.M. et al. Long-term evolution of cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 1720-1725.
49. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Morgan J. et al. A randomized controlled trial of complete vs partial correction of anemia in hemodialysis patients with asymptomatic concentric LV hypertrophy or LV dilatation. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 208A [Abstract].
50. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Morgan J. et al. Effect of haemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients with assymptomatic cardiomyopathy. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 1325-1335.
51. Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S., Sarnak M. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32 [Suppl 3]: 12-19.
52. Goldberg N., Lundin A.P., Dellano B. et al. Changes of left ventricular size, wall thickness, and function in anemic patients treated with recombinant human erytropoietin. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 424-427.
53. Greaves S.C., Gamble G.D., Collins J.E. et al. Determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 24 (5): 768-776.
54. Gressman M.D., Heyka R.J., Paganini E.P. Lipoprotein(α) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Circulation 1992; 86: 475-482.
55. Gross M.L., Amman K., Munter K. et al.: Role of the endothelin system in uremic cardiomyopathy. J Amer Soc Nephrol 1997; 8: 616A-617A [Abstract].
56. Harnett J.D., Foley R.N., Kent G.M. et al. Congestive heat failure in dialysis patients: prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and risk factors. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1428-1434.
57. Harnett J.D., Kent G.M., Barre P.E. et al. Risk factors for the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in a prospectively followed cohort of dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994; 4: 1486-1490.
58. Harnett J.D., Kent G.M., Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S. Cardiac function and hematocrit level. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25 (suppl 4): 3-7.
59. Harnett J.D., Parfrey P.S. Blood pressure control and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients. Contrib Nephrol 1994; 106: 110-113.
60. Harnett J.D., Parfrey P.S. Left ventricular dysfunction in dialysis patients. Henrich WL (ed): Principles and practice of dialysis. Baltimore. MD Williams, Willkins, 1995, 170-180.
61. Hayashi T., Suzuki A., Shoji T. et al. Cardiovascular effect of normalising the hematocrit level during erythropoietin therapy in predialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: 250-256.
62. Held P.J., Levin N.W., Pauly M.V., Diamond L.H. Mortality and duration of hemodialysis treatment. JAMA 1991; 265: 871-875.
63. Iseki K., Miyasato F., Tokuyama K. et al. Low diastolic blood pressure, hypoalbuminemia, and risk of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1212-1217.
64. Iwai N., Shimoike H., Kimoshita M. Cardiac renin-angiotensin system in hypertrophied heart. Circulation 1995; 92: 2690-2696.
65. Jono S., McKee M.D., Murry C.E. et al. Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res 2000, 87: E10-E17.
66. Kannel W.B. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor in arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 1992; 13 (suppl D): 82-88.
67. Kannel W.B., Cobb J. Left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality - results from the Framingham study. Cardiology 1992; 81: 291-298.
68. Kassiske B.L., Guijarro C., Massy Z.A. Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 158-165.
69. Kassiske B.L. Hyperlipidemia in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32 (suppl 3): 142-156.
70. Klahr S., Levey A.C., Beck G.I. et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of diet in renal disease study group. New Engl J Med 1994; 330: 877-884.
71. Klin M., Smogorzewski M., Ni Z. et al. Abnormalites in hepatic lipase in chronic renal failure: role of excess parathyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 2167-2173.
72. Kronenberg F., Neyer U., Shotta K. et al. The low molecular weight apo(a)phenotype is an independent predictor for coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients: a prospective follow-up. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 1027-1036.
73. Krumholz H.M., Larson M., Levy D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 879-884.
74. Lameire N., Bernaert P., Lambert M.C., Vijt D. Cardiovascular risk factors and their management in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 1994; 46 (Suppl 48): 31-38.
75. Lang T., Amouyel P., Arveiler D., Ferrieres J. Why mortality from heart disease in low in France (letter). Br Med J 2000; 320: 249-250.
76. Levey A.S., Beto J.A., Coronado B.E. et al. Controling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: What do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 853-906.
77. Levey A.S., Eknoyan G. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 828-833.
78. Levin A., Thompson C.R., Ethier J. et al. Left ventricular mass increase in early renal disease: Impact of decline in hemoglobin. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 34: 125-134.
79. Levin A. The role of anaemia in the genesis of cardiac abnormalities in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 207-210.
80. Levin A., Singer J., Thompson C.R., Lewis M. Prevalent left ventricular hypertrophy in the predialysis population: Identifying opportunities for intervention. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 27: 347-354.
81. Liang K., Oveisi F., Vasiri N.D. Role of secondary hyperparathyroidism in the genesis of hypertriglyceridemia and VLDL receptor deficiency in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 626-630.
82. Lind L., Hanni A., Lithell H. et al. Vitamin D is related to blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 894-901.
83. Lindpaintner K., Lee M., Larson M.G. et al. Absence of association or genetic linkage between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and left ventricular mass. N Engl Med 1996; 334: 1023-1028.
84. Locatelli F., Bommer J., London G.M. et al. Cardiovascular disease determinants in chronic renal failure: clinical approach and treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 459-468.
85. Locatelli F., Conte F., Marcelli D. The impact of haematocrit levels and erytropoietin treatment on overall and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity - the experience of the lombardy dialysis registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 1642-1644.
86. Locatelli F., Del Vecchio L., Manzoni C. Morbidity and mortality on maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 1998; 80: 380-400.
87. Locatelli F., Di Filippo S., Pontoriero G. et al. The effect of electrolyte balances on cardiovascular stability during hemodialysis. Contrib Nephrol 1994; 106: 125-128.
88. Locatelli F., Marcelli D., Conte F. et al. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure: the challenge continues. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15 [Suppl 5]: 69-80.
89. London G., Parfrey P.S. Cardiac disease in chronic uremia: Pathogenesis. Adv Renal Replace Ther 1997; 4: 194-211.
90. London G.M., Drueke T.B. Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1678-1695.
91. London G.M., Fabiani F. Left ventricular dysfunction in end-stage renal disease: echocardiographic insights. In: Cardiac dysfunction in chronic uremia, edited by Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D., Boston, Kluwer, 1992, chapt 8, 117-138.
92. London G.M., Marchais S.J., Guerin A.P. et al. Cardiac hypertrophy and arterial alteration in ESRD: Hemodinamic factors. Kidney Int 1993; 43 (suppl 41): 42-49.
93. London G.M., Pannier B., Guerin A.P. Cardiac hypertrophy, aortic compliance, peripheral resistence, and wave reflection in end-stage renal disease: Comparative effects of ACE inhibition and calcium channel blokade. Circulation 1994; 90: 2786-2796.
94. London G.M., Pannier B., Marchais S.J., Guerin A.P. Calcification of the aortic valve in the dialyzed patients. J. Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 778-783.
95. London G.M., Vernerejoul M., Fabiani F. et al. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and cardiac hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 1987; 32: 900-907.
96. Lopez-Gomez J.M., Verde E., Peren-Garcia R. Blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy and long-term prognosis in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Intern 1998; 68 (suppl): 92-98.
97. Low-Friedrich I., Grutzmacher P., Marz W. et al. Therapy with recombinant erythropoietin reduces cardiac size and improves heart function in chronic hemodialysis patients. Amer J Nephrol 1991; 11: 54-60.
98. Lowrie E.G. Acute-phase inflammatory process contributes to malnutrition, anemia, and possibly other abnormalities in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 105-112.
99. Luke R.G. Chronic renal failure: a vasculopathic state. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 841-843.
100. Madhavan S., Ooi W.L., Cohen H. et al. Relation of pulse pressure and blood pressure reduction to the incidence of myocardial infarction. Hypertension 1994; 23: 395-401.
101. Maggi E., Bellazzi R., Falaschi F. et al. Enhanced LDL oxidation in uremic patients: an additional mechanism for accelerated atherosclerosis? Kidney Int 1994; 45: 876-883.
102. Mailloux L.U., Haley W.E. Hypertention in the ESRD patient: pathophysiology, therapy, outcomes, and future directions. Amer J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 705-719.
103. Massy Z.A. Importance of homocysteine, lipoprotein (α), and non-classical cardiovascular risk factors (fibrinogen, and advanced glycation end products) for atherogenesis in uremic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15 (suppl 5): 81-91.
104. Messerli F.H. Pathophysiology of left ventricular hypertrophy. In: Cruikshauk K.J.M., Messerly F.H. eds. Left ventricular hypertrophy and its regression. Science Press. London 1992: 13-20.
105. Messerli F.H., Ketelhut R. Left ventricular hypertrophy: a pressure-independent cardiovascular risk factor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993; 22 (suppl 1): 57-63.
106. Meier-Krieshe H.U., Kaplan B. Association of decreased renal function and cardiovascular death following renal transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 74 (4): 216.
107. Mimran A., Ribstein J. Antihypertensive therapy in renal disease and transplantation. J Hypertens 1992; 10 (suppl): 79-85.
108. Moe S.M., O’Neill K.D., Duan D. et al. Medial artery calcification in ESRD patients is associated with deposition of bone matrix proteins. Kidney Int. 2002; 61: 638-647.
109. Monzani G., Bergesio F., Cinti R. et al. Lipoprotein abnormalities in chronic renal failure and dialysis patients. Blood Purif 1996; 14 (3): 262-272.
110. Neff M., Kim K., Persoff M. et al. Hemodinamics of uremic anemia. Circulation 1971; 43: 876-883.
111. Nguyen-Khoa T., Massy Z.A., Pascal De Bandt J. et al. Oxidative stress and hemodialysis: Role of inflammation and duration of dialysis treatment Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 335-340.
112. Oda H., Keane W.F. Lipid abnormalities in end stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13 (Suppl 1): 45-49.
113. Ojo A.O., Nanson J.A., Wolfe R.A., Leichtman A.B., Agodoa L.Y., Port F.K. Long-term survival in renal transplant recipients with graft function. Kidney Int 2000; 57: 307-313.
114. O’Neal D., Lee P., Murphy B., Best J. Low-density lipoprotein particle size distribution in end-stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 27: 84-91.
115. Owen W.F., Lowrie E.G. C-reactive protein as an outcome predictor for maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 627-636.
116. Parfrey P.S. Cardiac disease in chronic uremia: uremia-related risk factors. Semin Dial 1999; 12: 61-132.
117. Parfrey P.S., Foley R.N. The clinic epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure. J Amer Soc Nephrol 1997; 10: 1-18.
118. Parfrey P.S., Foley R.N., Harnett J.D. et al. Outcome and risk factors of ischemic heart disease in chronic uremia. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1428-1434.
119. Parfrey P.S., Griffits S.M., Harnett J.D. et al. Outcome of congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic hyperkinetic disease, and ischemic heart disease in dialysis patients. Amer J Nephrol 1990; 10: 213-221.
120. Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D., Foley R.N. et al. Impact of renal transplantation on uremic cardiomyopathy. Transplantation 1995; 60: 908-914.
121. Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.D., Foley R.N. Heart failure and ischemic heart disease in chronic uremia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1995; 4: 105-110.
122. Parfrey P.S. Cardiac disease in dialysis patients: diagnosis, burden of disease, prognosis, risk factors and management. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15 (suppl 5): 58-68.
123. Parhami F., Demer L.L. New concepts in regulation of vascular calcification. In: Fuster V., ed. The vulnerable atherosclerosis plaque: understanding, identification, and modification. Armonk, NY: Future Publishing Company 1999: 383-391.
124. Pillai S., Birlke D.D., Su M.J. et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 upregulates the phosphatidyl-inositol signalling pathway in human keratinocytes by increasing phospholipase C level. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 602-607.
125. Post W.S., Larson M.G., Levy D. Cardiac structural precursors of hypertension. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1994; 90: 79-185.
126. Raine A.E.G. Accelerated cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure. In: Holgate S., ed. Horizons in medicine N6. London: blackwell Science, 1995: 219-228.
127. Raine A.E.G. Acquired aortic stenosis in dialysis patients. Nephron 1994; 68: 159-168.
128. Raine A.E.G., Margreiter R., Brunner F.P. et al. Report on management of renal failure in Europe, XXII, 1991. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7 (suppl 2): 7-35.
129. Rigatto С., Foley R.N., Parfrey P.S. et al. Long-term evolution of uremic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: A3766.
130. Rigatto С., Parfrey P.S. Factors governing cardiovascular risk in the patient with a failing renal transplant. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2001; 21 (suppl. 3): 275-279.
131. Rosenthal D.S., Braunwald E. Anaemia and cardiovascular disorders. In: Heart Disease, chap. 57. Philadelphia, PA, Sanders 1992; 1742-1744.
132. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-126.
133. Rostand S.G., Rutsky E.A. Cardiac disease in dialysis patients. In: Clinical dialysis. A.R. Nissenson, R.N. Fine, D.E. Gentile. New York 1995: 652-698.
134. Rostand S.G., Sanders P.C., Rutsky E.A. Cardiac calcification in uremia. Contrib Nephrol 1993; 106: 26-29.
135. Sarnak M.J., Levey A.S. Epidemiology of cardiac disease in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 1999; 12: 69-76.
136. Schleiffer R. Involvement of PTH in genetic models of hypertention J Endocrin Investig 1992; 15: 87-95.
137. Schleiffer R., Pernot F., Jones R. Endothelium is a target organ of parathyroid secretions in genetic hypertensive rats. Horm Metab Res 1995; 27: 16-18.
138. Schluter K.D., Piper H.M. Trophic effects of catecholamines and parathyroid hormone on adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: 1739-1746.
139. Schmieder R.E., Rockstroh J.K., Aepfelbacher F. et al. Gender-specific cardiovascular adaptation due to circadian blood pressure variations in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 1160-1166.
140. Schunkert H., Hense H.W. A heart price to pay for anaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 445-448.
141. Schunkert H., Hense H.W., Holmer S.R. et al. Association between a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene and left venrticular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1634-1638.
142. Silberberg J.S., Racine N., Barre P.E. et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients following correction of anemia with recombinant human erytropoietin. Can J Cardiol 1990; 6: 1-6.
143. Silberberg J.S., Rahal D.P., Patton R., Sniderman A.D. Role of anemia in the pathogenesis of LVH in ESRD. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 222-224.
144. Somers V.K., Anderson E.A., Mark A.L. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in human hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993; 2: 96-105.
145. Stenvinkel P., Heimburger O., Paultre F. et al. Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 1999; 55: 1899-1911.
146. Symons G., Fortune F., Greenbaum R.A., Dandona P. Cardiac hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and hyperparathyroidism - an association. Br Heart J 1985; 54: 539-542.
147. Tagawa H., Nagano M., Saito H. et al. Echocardiographic findings in hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythroietin - proposal for hematocrit most beneficial to hemodynamics. Clin Nephrol 1991; 35: 35-38.
148. Tian J., Smogorzewski M., Kedes L., Massry S.G. PTH - PTHrP receptors mRNA in downregulated in chronic renal failure. Am J Nephrol 1994; 14: 41-46.
149. Tschope W., Koch M., Thomas B., Ritz E., German. Study Group Diabetes and Uremia: Serum lipids predict cardiac death in diabetic patients on maintenance hemodialysis: Results of a prospective study. Nephron 1993; 64: 354-358.
150. U.S. Renal Data System: USRDS 2000 Annual Data Report, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2000.
151. Webb A.T., Reaveley D.A., O’Donnell M., O’Connor B. et al. Lipids and lipoprotein(α) as risk factors for vascular disease in patients on renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 5: 354-357.
152. Wizemann V. Coronary artery disease in dialysis patients. Nephron 1996; 74: 642-651.
153. Wizemann V., Schäfer R., Kramer W. Follow-up of cardiac changes induced by anemia compensation in normotensive HD patients with LVH. Nephron 1993; 64: 202-206.
154. World Health Statistics Annual 196, 1998.

Другие статьи по теме

• Динамика гипертрофии миокарда левого желудочка в первые два года после трансплантации почки и факторы ее определяющие
• Структурно-функциональные изменения миокарда при прогрессирующей хронической почечной недостаточности
• Нарушение фосфорно-кальциевого обмена у больных хронической почечной недостаточностью
• Кальцификация клапанов сердца у больных с терминальной хронической почечной недостаточностью